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The life of B. L. Pasternak in dates and facts

1890, February 10 - the birth of a writer in Moscow in the family of the artist Leonid Osipovich Pasternak. Mother - pianist Rosalia Isidorovna Kaufman.

1900 - admission to the second grade of the Moscow fifth gymnasium.

1908 - graduated from the gymnasium with a gold medal and entered the philosophical department of the historical and philological faculty of Moscow University.

1912 - a trip to Germany, to Marburg. Teaching at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Marburg. Two-week stay in Italy.

1913 - the first publication of poems in the collection "Lyric". Graduation from the university with the title of Candidate of Philosophy of Moscow University.

1914 - the release of the first independent collection "Twin in the Clouds". Participation in the futuristic group "Centrifuge". Acquaintance and friendship with V. Mayakovsky.

1916 - publication of a book of poems "Over the Barriers".

1917 - revolution in Russia. Work on the book "My Sister Life", the story "Childhood Luvers".

1918-1921 - fruitful creative work. Translations of works of foreign authors.

1922 - publication of a book of poems "My Sister Life". Marriage to the artist Evgenia Vladimirovna Lurie.

1922-1923 - stay in Germany, publication of the book of poems "Themes and Variations" in Berlin.

1923 - publication of the poem "High Illness" in the journal "LEF".

1925-1926 - work on the novel in verse "Spektorsky", poems "Nine hundred and fifth year" and "Lieutenant Schmidt".

1928 - the beginning of work on the autobiographical book "Guarantee".

1929 - collection "Over the Barriers". A trip to the Caucasus, writing the cycle "Waves".

1932 - new love. Marriage to Zinaida Nikolaevna Neugauz. Publication of poems "The Second Birth". Trips around the country (Sverdlovsk, Georgia).

1938 - work on translations of the works of W. Shakespeare.

1940 - publication of the collection "Selected Translations" of Western European poets. The beginning of work on poems from the cycle "Peredelkino".

1941 - Great Patriotic War. Family evacuation to Chis-Topol; the first military poems.

1943 - a trip to the front as part of a writers' brigade.

1945-1955 - work on the novel "Doctor Zhivago".

1946 - participation in literary evenings in Moscow. Pasternak's nomination for the Nobel Prize for lyrical works. The beginning of the persecution of the poet in the press.

1952 - myocardial infarction. Treatment at the Botkin hospital.

1958 - the award of the Nobel Prize in Literature, which Pasternak was forced to refuse due to the situation surrounding the publication of the novel.

1959 - publication of the poem "Nobel Prize" in an English newspaper, after which Pasternak was summoned to the Prosecutor General R.A. Rudenko, where he is charged with treason and forbidden to meet with foreigners.

1960 (February 10) - the seventieth birthday of the writer. Beginning of work on the play "The Blind Beauty" (the play remained unfinished).

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak, "a talent of exceptional originality," as M. Gorky said about him, made an indispensable contribution to Russian poetry of the Soviet era and world poetry of the 20th century. The high skill and originality of poetry put Pasternak in one of the first places in the powerful poetic movement of the last century.

Pasternak's first poems date back to 1909. But for a long time, for several years, he "looked at his poetic experiments as an unfortunate weakness and did not expect anything good from them" ("Certificate of Conduct"). And only in 1913 did he begin to write poetry “not as a rare exception, but often and constantly, as one does painting or writes music” (“People and Positions”). Pasternak's first poems were published in 1913 in the collection "Lyric" ("I am deaf in thought about myself ...", "Twilight ... like weapons-bearers of roses ...", "Today we will fulfill his sadness ...") were not included by the author later in any one of his books. Pasternak's second book, The Twin in the Clouds, was published in 1914. Recalling how the poems of this book were created, Pasternak wrote: “I tried to avoid romantic tunes, extraneous interest ... my constant concern was turned to the content, my constant dream was that the poem itself contains something, that it contains a new thought or a new picture” (“People and Conditions”). Pasternak made his first literary steps, even before The Twin in the Clouds, if not in line with symbolism, then, of course, in contact with it. The generation to which Pasternak belonged began at the time of symbolism, but acquired “historical integrity” in the turbulent era of cataclysms that befell Russia. AT

In 1917, even before the October Revolution, the second book of poems, Over the Barriers, was published. These books made up the first period of Pasternak's work, the period of searching for his own poetic face. The third book, My Sister Life, which Pasternak began in the summer of 1917, but published five years later, became, in essence, the first to put him forward among the prominent Russian poets of the post-revolutionary period. The book, which became an event and made Pasternak famous, goes out of print only in 1922. Pasternak enters modern literature as a poet with the gift of a new vision, a unique emotional and metaphorical complexity.

The middle of the 1920s was marked by Pasternak's resolute appeal to the epic. The poem about the revolution of 1905 adjoins the work “Lieutenant Schmidt”, similar in genre. Both works received a wide response and critical acclaim. These two historical-revolutionary works were preceded by the poem "The High Illness", depicting the IX Congress of Soviets and Lenin speaking at it. It was published by V. Mayakovsky in "LEF" in 1924. Year 905 and Lieutenant Schmidt were followed by a long poem, or, as it is sometimes called, a novel in verse, Spektorsky (1930).

In 1928, Pasternak came up with the idea of a prose book entitled "Guarantee of Conduct", which he completed only two years later. According to Pasternak himself, “these are autobiographical excerpts about how my ideas about art developed and what they are rooted in.”

In 1931, Pasternak went to the Caucasus. Acquaintance with the Georgian poets G. Tabidze and P. Yashvili turns into a true friendship. Pasternak translated Georgian poetry and, in search of a new, more understandable system of poetics, wrote a book of poems, The Second Birth (1932). In this book, the Caucasus, Georgia give the poet the opportunity to find a second wind. Love, the powerful force of the Caucasus and the prospect of building a “new life”, perceived from the moral side, strive to find in his poetry a lyrical unity that would open up a new distance and the possibility of inner renewal. material from the site

Since 1936, Pasternak has been living in the village of Peredelkino near Moscow, and his work has been systematic. Here he writes poetry and prose, performs a large series of translation works. In Peredelkino, he created the books "On the Early Trains" (1936-1944), "When it's clear" (1956-1959) and separate poetic cycles. At the beginning of World War II, Pasternak took military training courses, sought permission to go to the front, but was evacuated with his family to the city on the Kama Chistopol, where other writers lived at that time. During the war years, Pasternak worked intensively on the poems included in the book "On Early Trains" ("Poems about the War"), on a series of translations. Work on Shakespeare's texts, begun in peacetime, was continued in the 1940s and completed after the war. It should also be noted the translations of Georgian poets, which Pasternak was engaged in for a long time (Nikoloz Baratashvili, Vazha Pshavela, Titian Tabidze, etc.). He translates from Ukrainian, and from Armenian, and from Latvian. In these works, as well as in notes on art, Pasternak appears as a recognized master.

In 1945, Pasternak began his work on the novel Doctor Zhivago, which became for him the main work of his life.

In the autumn of 1946, Pasternak was first nominated for the Nobel Prize for lyrical works, and since spring

In 1947, the period of his persecution in the press begins, his books are banned. Only in April 1954 did the Znamya magazine publish 10 poems under the title Poems from the novel in prose Doctor Zhivago, with the author's preface. In the fall of 1954, Pasternak was nominated for the Nobel Prize for the second time. autumn

1955, work on the novel is completed, and Pasternak tries to publish it in Russia, but to no avail. The book is published in Italy. At home, the novel "Doctor Zhivago" was published only a quarter of a century later in the journal "New World" (Nos. 1-4, 1988). Articles and studies devoted to this work and its creator appeared. The last work - the play Sleeping Beauty (1960) - remained unfinished.

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) - poet, writer (February 10, 1890, Moscow - May 30, 1960, Peredelkino near Moscow). Father artist impressionistic directions, mother is a pianist. Pasternak studied music as a child. From 1909 he studied philosophy at Moscow University, in 1912 - in Marburg, Germany. He completed his university education in 1913 in Moscow.

Pasternak's first poems appeared in print in 1913. He joined the Centrifuge literary group, which was in line with futurism. His first collection of poems twin in the clouds(1914) published Aseev and Bobrov, Pasternak included most of the poems of the first collection in the second - Over the barriers(1917). The greatest recognition was brought to Pasternak by the third collection of poems Sister my life(1922), which arose in the summer of 1917, but inspired not by political events, but by the experiences of nature and love. The next collection of his poems is Themes and variations(1923), after which critics recognized him as "the most significant of the young poets of post-revolutionary Russia."

Geniuses and villains. Boris Pasternak

In small epic poems year nine hundred and five (1925-26), Lieutenant Schmidt(1926-27) and Spektorsky(1931) Pasternak partly speaks of revolutionary events.

Since 1922, Pasternak has also published prose. First prose collection stories(1925) includes Childhood Luvers, II tratto di apelle, Letters from Tula and Airways. Behind him, from 1929, Pasternak's first autobiographical story appeared, dedicated to the memory of Rilke, Certificate of protection(1931); the understanding of art expressed in it is in sharp contradiction with the ideas of the then influential functionaries of the RAPP.

After a collection of new poems Second birth(1932) until 1937, several more collections were published, including previously written poems by Pasternak.

In 1934 he was invited to the board of the new Union of Writers. Since 1936, Pasternak had to go into translation work, he translates especially Shakespeare's tragedies. "His translations from Georgian poets won the favor of Stalin, and perhaps saved the poet from persecution."

Boris Pasternak was born on February 10, 1890 in Moscow, in the family of a Jewish artist and art teacher. In 1905 he entered the Moscow Conservatory. In 1909 - 1913. Boris was a student of the philosophical department of the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University.

In 1912, for one semester, the young man studied at the German University of Marburg. In the same year, Pasternak felt a penchant for literature, he was especially attracted to poetry. After returning to Moscow, the young man joined the Centrifuge circle of young futurist writers. In 1913, his collection Lyrica was published. A year later, the book "Twin in the Clouds" was published. However, Pasternak for some time still hesitated between writing and commercial careers. He spent the winter and spring of 1916 in the Urals, where he worked in the office of the manager of the Vsevolodo-Vilvensky chemical plants.

AT Stalinist For years, Pasternak, loyal to the authorities, managed to bypass the vent of repression. Sometimes he timidly tried to stand up for the repressed intellectuals, but mostly without success. His own poems have almost ceased to be published. Since 1936, Pasternak lived in a dacha in the literary village of Peredelkino, doing not his own work, but almost exclusively translations. His translations of Goethe and Shakespeare are considered exemplary.

Geniuses and villains. Boris Pasternak

During Great Patriotic War Pasternak and his family were evacuated to the city of Chistopol. During this period, Pasternak was still able to publish new collections of his poems - "On Early Trains" (1943) and "Earthly Space" (1945). After the war, he harbored a shaky hope for a humanistic degeneration of the Stalinist regime.

The writer considered the novel Doctor Zhivago, on which he worked from 1946 to 1955, to be the result of his work. In the USSR, this book was not published, but with the beginning Khrushchev thaw Pasternak gave it to an Italian communist publisher. In 1957, Doctor Zhivago was published in Italian, and then in many others. In the USSR, Doctor Zhivago was published only in 1988.

In 1958, Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel."

The awarding of the prize to Pasternak was perceived in the USSR as a political action. dedicated to events civil war novel "Doctor Zhivago" was recognized as anti-Soviet. After the Nobel Prize was awarded, at the behest of the Kremlin leaders, the persecution of Pasternak began. He was expelled from the Writers' Union, wanted to be expelled from the country, accused of treason. As a result, the writer refused the prize.

1890 , January 29 (February 10) - was born in Moscow in a creative family. Father - artist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts Leonid Osipovich Pasternak and mother - pianist Rosalia Isidorovna Pasternak (nee Kaufman, 1868-1939), moved to Moscow from Odessa in 1889, a year before his birth.

1901 - entered the 2nd grade of the 5th Moscow gymnasium (now Moscow school No. 91).

1905–1906 - the Pasternak family lives in Berlin (from December to August).

1908 , May - graduated with honors from the 5th Moscow gymnasium.
He entered the law faculty of Moscow University.

1909 , spring-summer - the first poetic and prose experiments.
Transferred to the philosophical department of the Faculty of History and Philology.

1911 , the first half of the year - acquaintance with Sergei Bobrov in the literary circle "Serdarda".
April - the family moves to Volkhonka, 9, where Pasternak lived intermittently until 1938.

1912 , April 21-August 25 - a trip to Marburg.
Autumn - the transformation of "Serdarda" into the literary group "Lyric".

1913 , February 10 - Pasternak's report "Symbolism and Immortality" in the circle for the study of aesthetics at the Musaget publishing house.
End of April - debut in print: the release of the almanac "Lyrika" with the first publication of five poems by Boris Pasternak.
December - the book "Twin in the Clouds".

1915 , May - the release of the collection "Spring Contracting Agency of Muses", where Pasternak was first published together with Mayakovsky.
October 24 - trip to Petrograd. Acquaintance with the Brikov family.

1916 , autumn - work on the translation of Swinburne's tragedy "Chatelyard". Pasternak serves as a tutor in the family of the director of the chemical plant Karpov in the Quiet Mountains on the Kama.
December - collection "Over the Barriers".

1917 , February - Pasternak returns to Moscow.
Summer - most of the poems of the future book "My Sister Life" were written.

1918 , January - acquaintance with Larisa Reisner.
February - the first meeting with Marina Tsvetaeva at the evening at M. Zeitlin (Amari).
March - the marriage of Elena Vinograd. Break cycle.
Autumn - the beginning of work on the novel "Three Names", the first part of which will become the story "Childhood Luvers", and the end will be destroyed. Program article "Several Provisions" (published 1922).

1919 , spring-autumn - work on a book of poems "Themes and Variations" and a collection of articles "Quinta essentia".

1921 , August - acquaintance with Evgenia Lurie, the future wife of Pasternak.
September 16 - Pasternak's parents leave Russia forever and settle in Berlin.
December 27 - Pasternak sees Lenin, having got on a guest ticket to the IX Congress of Soviets.

1922 , beginning of January - acquaintance with Osip Mandelstam and his wife.
January 24 - Pasternak and Evgenia Lurie register their marriage.
April - "My Sister Life" is published by Grzhebin's publishing house.
June 14 - the beginning of the correspondence with Marina Tsvetaeva.
August 17 - Pasternak and his wife set sail for Berlin from Petrograd.

1923 , January - publication of the book "Themes and Variations" in "Petropolis" (Berlin).
February - a short visit to Marburg with his wife.
March 21 - Pasternak sees his parents for the last time before returning to Russia.
September 23 - the birth of the son of Eugene.
September-November - the first edition of the poem "High Illness".
December 17 - Pasternak reads the first edition of the poem "Valery Bryusov" at the celebration of Bryusov on the occasion of his 50th birthday.

1924 , February - work on the story "Airways".
November - with the help of the historian and journalist Yakov Chernyak, Pasternak gets a place at the Lenin Institute under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and works for three months on compiling a "foreign Leninana".

1925 , March - the beginning of work on the novel in verse "Spektorsky".
Autumn - the first chapters of the poem "The Nine Hundred and Fifth Year".

1926 , February-December - work on the poem "Lieutenant Schmidt".

1927 , May - the final break with the LEF.
August - publication of "Lieutenant Schmidt" in the "New World" with an acrostic dedication to Tsvetaeva.

1928 , July - the publication of "Year 905" and "Lieutenant Schmidt" as a book.
Summer is a reworking of early poems and The High Illness.
Autumn is the continuation of the novel "Spektorsky". Work on the story.

1929 , the first half of the year - work on the first part of the "Certificate of Conduct".
July - "The Tale" is published in the "New World".
August - the first part of the "Certificate of Safeguarding" is published in "Zvezda".
Autumn - work on the end of "Spektorsky". Acquaintance with Heinrich Neuhaus and his wife Zinaida Nikolaevna Neuhaus (nee Eremeeva).
December 30 - the last attempt to reconcile with Mayakovsky.

1930 , August-October - work on the second and third parts of the "Certificate of Conduct".

1931 , May-June - publication of the end of the "Certificate of Safeguarding" in Krasnaya Nov.

1932 , mid-February - The Writers' Union provides Pasternak and Zinaida Nikolaevna Neugauz with a two-room apartment on Tverskoy Boulevard, 7.
March - the release of the "Certificate of Safeguarding" as a separate book.
April 6 - Pasternak's evening at the FOSP and a heated discussion of poems from the future book "The Second Birth".
August - the publication of the book "Second Birth" in the publishing house "Federation".
October 11-13 - Pasternak's triumphal evenings in Leningrad.
October - return to Volkhonka. Moving Evgenia Pasternak with her son to an apartment on Tverskoy Boulevard.
November 10 - Mandelstam's evening at the Literaturnaya Gazeta. The dispute between two poets about the freedom of the artist.

1933 , November - A trip to Georgia as part of a writing team.

1934 , May 22 - speech at the discussion "On Lyrics" in the debate on Aseev's report.
The second week of June is a telephone conversation between Pasternak and Stalin.
August 29 - Pasternak's speech at the First Congress of the Writers' Union of the USSR. Hall welcomes Pasternak standing.
Autumn is the second edition of The Second Birth with a dedication of The Waves to Nikolai Bukharin.

1935 , February - the release of the book "Georgian Lyrics" in Pasternak's translations.
June - a trip to Paris to the anti-fascist congress in defense of culture.
June 24 - speech at the congress with an appeal to writers "not to unite." Meeting with Marina Tsvetaeva, acquaintance with Sergey and Alya Efron.
July 6 - sailing to Leningrad from London.

1936 , February 16 - Pasternak's speech against patterns and unification in literature.
March 13 - Pasternak's speech in a discussion on formalism with sharp attacks on official criticism.
June 15 - article "New coming of age" about the Stalinist Constitution in Izvestia.
July - meeting with Andre Gide, who came to the USSR to work on a book about the world's first socialist state. Pasternak warns Gide about "Potemkin villages" and official lies.
October - the cycle "From Summer Notes" in the "New World".

1937 , January - speech at the Pushkin Plenum of the Board of the Writers' Union.
June 14 - Pasternak refuses to sign a letter approving the execution of Tukhachevsky, Yakir, Eideman and others.

1938 , February-April - work on the first version of the translation of "Hamlet".

1939 , spring-autumn - work on the novel "Zhivulta's Notes", the drafts of which were lost in Peredelkino during the war.

1940 , spring-summer - the first poems of the Peredelkino cycle.
June - publication of the translation of "Hamlet" in the "Young Guard".

1941 , July-August - Pasternak extinguishes lighters on the roof of his house in Lavrushinsky and learns to shoot at military training camps.
October 14 - Pasternak's departure for evacuation, to Chistopol, in the same carriage with Akhmatova.

1942 , January-April - work on the translation of Romeo and Juliet.
Summer - the last drafts of the drama "This Light" and the destruction of what was written.

1943 , June 25 - return with family to Moscow.
July - publishing house "Soviet Writer" of the collection "On Early Trains".
End of August - beginning of September - a trip to the liberated Orel. Essays "Journey to the Army" and "Liberated City".
November is the prologue of the poem "Glow" in the "Red Star".

1944 , January-March - work on the poem "Glow" and military poems.

1945 , February - the release of the collection "Earth expanse".
May-December - a series of poetry evenings by Pasternak at the House of Scientists, Moscow State University and the Polytechnic Museum.
September - acquaintance with the British diplomat Isaiah Berlin.

1946 , January - the beginning of work on the novel, which later received the name "Doctor Zhivago".
February - solo performance by Alexander Glumov "Hamlet", the first Moscow production of Pasternak's translation.
April 2 and 3 - joint poetry evenings with Anna Akhmatova.
September - sharp attacks on Pasternak in the press and at writers' meetings.

1947 , May - Konstantin Simonov's refusal to publish Pasternak's poems in Novy Mir.
Summer - work on the translation of "King Lear".

1948 , January - the destruction of the twenty-five thousandth edition of Boris Pasternak's Chosen One, published in the Golden Series of Soviet Literature.
Autumn is a translation of the first part of Faust.

1949 , autumn - translation of the second part of "Faust".

1950 , summer - the end of the first book of the novel "Doctor Zhivago".

1952 October 20 - Pasternak suffers a severe heart attack.
November-December - treatment at the Botkin hospital.

1953 , summer - the cycle "Poems of Yuri Zhivago" is completed.

1954 , April - publication in the "Banner" of ten poems from the novel.
May - premiere of Hamlet directed by G. Kozintsev in Leningrad.

1955 , October - finished the novel "Doctor Zhivago".

1956 , May - after unsuccessful attempts to publish the novel in Russia, Pasternak hands over the manuscript to representatives of the Italian publisher G. Feltrinelli.
June - Petro Cveteremić begins work on translating the novel into Italian.
September - the editors of Novy Mir reject the novel and send Pasternak a lengthy letter about its ideological and artistic failure.
October - the refusal of the editorial board of the anthology "Literary Moscow" to accept the novel for publication in the third (failed) issue.

1957 , February - Pasternak meets the French Slavist Jacqueline de Proyart and draws up a power of attorney in her name to conduct her foreign affairs.
Spring and summer - work on the lyrical cycle "When it clears up."
November 23 – Doctor Zhivago goes out of print in Italy and immediately becomes a bestseller.
December 17 - A press conference for foreign journalists is organized at Pasternak's dacha, at which he declares that he does not intend to renounce the novel, and welcomes its Italian edition.

1958 October 23 - Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
October 25 - party meeting in the Writers' Union.
October 26 - Literaturnaya Gazeta publishes a letter from the editorial board of Novy Mir about the rejection of the novel.
October 27 - The Presidium of the Board of the Writers' Union discusses the publication of Pasternak's novel abroad.
October 29 - Pasternak is forced to send a telegram to the Nobel Committee with the refusal of the prize. First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Komsomol Vladimir Semichastny speaks at a solemn meeting on the 40th anniversary of the Komsomol with a speech in which he declares the readiness of the Soviet government to expel Pasternak from the country.
Night of October 31 - Pasternak writes a letter to N.S. Khrushchev with a request not to deprive him of Soviet citizenship.
October 31 - The All-Moscow Writers' Meeting excludes Pasternak from the Writers' Union and petitions the government to deprive him of his citizenship.
November 5 - Pasternak's letter, edited by the Department of Culture of the Central Committee of the CPSU, is published in Pravda. The letter contains a statement about the refusal of the prize and a request to give the opportunity to live and work in the USSR.

1959 , the end of January - the poem "Nobel Prize".
January 30 - Pasternak passes the poem "Nobel Prize" to the correspondent of the Daily Mail newspaper Anthony Brown.
February 11 - The Nobel Prize is published in the Daily Mail.
February 20 - At the request of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Pasternak and his wife fly to Georgia so that British Prime Minister Macmillan, who came to visit the USSR, could not meet with him.
March 2 - Pasternaks return to Moscow by train.
March 14 - Pasternak during a walk was summoned from Peredelkino to the USSR Prosecutor General Rudenko, taken to Moscow and interrogated. Rudenko threatens to initiate a criminal case and demands to stop communicating with foreigners.
Summer and autumn - work on the play "The Blind Beauty".

1960 , early April - the first signs of a deadly disease.
May 30, 23 hours 20 minutes - Boris Leonidovich Pasternak dies in Peredelkino from lung cancer with metastases to the stomach.
June 2 - Pasternak's funeral at the cemetery in Peredelkino. Despite the complete absence of official information about the time and place of the funeral, more than four thousand people came to see Pasternak on his last journey.
The novel "Doctor Zhivago" was published in the journal "New World" in January-April 1988.

Boris Pasternak is a Russian poet, prose writer, translator and Nobel Prize winner in literature. The poet's family was creative: his mother devoted his life to the piano, and his father to the fine arts. In addition to Boris, they had two more children. Pasternak's apartment was a favorite place for popular artists. I. Levitan, S. Rachmaninov and were frequent guests in their house, arranging performances and concerts.

Pasternak: biography for children, the most interesting

Literary creativity

Personal life

During his life, Boris Pasternak was married twice. The first wife was an artist named Evgenia Lurie. In their marriage, their first son was born. The family lived for a year visiting B. Pasternak's parents in Germany. After ten years of marriage, he decides to break off the old marriage and enters into a new one with Z.N. Neuhaus, who at that time already had a son. A few years later they had a common child - Leonid.