Poet Nikolai Nekrasov biography. Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov - biography, information, personal life. Personal life of Nikolai Alekseevich

Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich is a great Russian poet, writer, publicist, recognized classic of world literature.

Born on November 28 (October 10), 1821 in the family of a small nobleman in the town of Nemirov, Podolsk province. In addition to Nikolai Nekrasov, there were 13 more children in the family. Nekrasov’s father was a despotic man, which left a mark on the character and further work of the poet. Nikolai Nekrasov’s first teacher was his mother, an educated and well-mannered woman. She instilled in the poet a love of literature and the Russian language.

In the period from 1832 to 1837, N.A. Nekrasov studied at the Yaroslavl gymnasium. Nekrasov had a hard time studying; he often skipped classes. Then he began to write poetry.

In 1838, the father, who always dreamed of a military career for his son, sent Nikolai Nekrasov to St. Petersburg to be assigned to the regiment. However, N.A. Nekrasov decided to enter the university. The poet failed to pass the entrance exams, and for the next 2 years he was a volunteer student at the Faculty of Philology. This contradicted the will of his father, so Nekrasov was left without any material support from him. The disasters that Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov faced in those years were reflected in his poems and the unfinished novel “The Life and Adventures of Tikhon Trostnikov.” Little by little, the poet’s life improved and he decided to release his first collection of poems, “Dreams and Sounds.”

In 1841, N.A. Nekrasov began working in Otechestvennye zapiski.

In 1843, Nekrasov met Belinsky, which led to the appearance of realistic poems, the first of which “On the Road” (1845), and the publication of two almanacs: “Physiology of St. Petersburg” (1845) and “Petersburg Collection” (1846). In the period from 1847 to 1866, Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was the publisher and editor of the Sovremennik magazine, which published the best revolutionary democratic works of the time. During this period, Nekrasov wrote lyrical poems dedicated to his common-law wife Panaeva, poems and cycles of poems about the urban poor (“On the Street,” “About the Weather”), about the fate of the people (“Uncompressed Strip,” “Railway,” etc.) , about peasant life (“Peasant Children”, “Forgotten Village”, “Orina, Soldier’s Mother”, “Frost, Red Nose”, etc.).

In the 1850-60s, during the peasant reform, the poet created “The Poet and the Citizen,” “Song to Eremushka,” “Reflections at the Front Entrance,” and the poem “Peddlers.”

In 1862, after the arrest of the leaders of revolutionary democracy, N.A. Nekrasov visited Greshnev. This is how the lyrical poem “A Knight for an Hour” (1862) appeared.

In 1866, Sovremennik was closed. Nekrasov acquired the right to publish the journal Otechestvennye zapiski, with which the last years of his life were associated. During these years, the poet wrote the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” (1866-76), poems about the Decembrists and their wives (“Grandfather” (1870); “Russian Women” (1871-72), the satirical poem “Contemporaries "(1875).

In 1875 Nekrasov N.A. seriously ill. Doctors discovered he had intestinal cancer, and complex operations did not give the desired result.

The last years of the poet's life were filled with elegiac motifs associated with the loss of friends, awareness of loneliness, and serious illness. During this period the following works appeared: “Three Elegies” (1873), “Morning”, “Despondency”, “Elegy” (1874), “The Prophet” (1874), “To the Sowers” ​​(1876). In 1877, the cycle of poems “Last Songs” was created.

On December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878), Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov died in St. Petersburg. The poet's body was buried in St. Petersburg at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich, whose biography begins on November 28 (December 10), 1821, was born in the small town of Nemirov, located on the territory of the Vinnitsa district of the Podolsk province (now the territory of Ukraine).

The poet's childhood

After the birth of their son, the Nekrasov family lived in the village of Greshnev, which at that time belonged to the Yaroslavl province. There were a lot of children - thirteen (although only three of them survived), and therefore it was very difficult to support them. Alexey Sergeevich, the head of the family, was forced to also take on the job of a police officer. This work could hardly be called fun and interesting. Little Nikolai Nekrasov Sr. often took little Nikolai Nekrasov Sr. with him to work, and therefore the future poet from a very early age saw the problems that ordinary people faced and learned to sympathize with them.

At the age of 10, Nikolai was sent to the Yaroslavl gymnasium. But at the end of the 5th grade, he abruptly stopped studying. Why? Biographers have differing opinions on this issue. Some believe that the boy was not too diligent in his studies, and his success in this field left much to be desired, while others are of the opinion that his father simply stopped paying for his education. Or perhaps both of these reasons occurred. One way or another, Nekrasov’s biography continues in St. Petersburg, where a sixteen-year-old young man is sent to enter a military school (noble regiment).

Difficult years

The poet had every opportunity to become an honest servant, but fate decided otherwise. Arriving in the cultural capital of the empire - St. Petersburg - Nekrasov meets and communicates with the students there. They awakened in him a strong thirst for knowledge, and therefore the future poet decides to go against the will of his father. Nikolai begins to prepare to enter university. He fails: he could not pass all the exams. However, this did not stop him: from 1839 to 1841. The poet goes to the Faculty of Philology as a volunteer student. In those days, Nekrasov lived in terrible poverty, because his father did not give him a single penny. The poet often had to go hungry, and it even got to the point that he spent the night in homeless shelters. But there were also bright moments: for example, it was in one of these places that Nikolai earned his first money (15 kopecks) for help in writing a petition. The difficult financial situation did not break the spirit of the young man and he vowed to himself, despite any obstacles, to achieve recognition.

Literary activity of Nekrasov

A biography of Nekrasov is impossible without mentioning the stages of his formation as a poet and writer.

Soon after the events described above, Nikolai's life began to improve. He got a job as a tutor, and was often tasked with composing fairy tales and ABCs for popular print publishers. A good part-time job was writing small articles for the Literary Newspaper, as well as the Literary Supplement to the Russian Invalid. Several vaudevilles he composed and published under the pseudonym “Perepelsky” were even staged on the Alexandria stage. Having put aside some money, in 1840 Nekrasov published his first collection of poems, which was called “Dreams and Sounds.”

Nekrasov’s biography was not without struggle with critics. Despite the fact that they treated him ambiguously, Nikolai himself was extremely upset by the negative review of the authoritative Belinsky. It even got to the point that Nekrasov himself bought up most of the circulation and destroyed the books. However, the few remaining copies made it possible to see Nekrasov in a completely unusual role as a writer of ballads. Later he moved on to other genres and themes.

Nekrasov spent the forties of the 19th century working closely with the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. Nikolai himself was a bibliographer. The turning point in his life can be considered his close acquaintance and the beginning of his friendship with Belinsky. After quite a bit of time, Nikolai Nekrasov’s poems began to be actively published. In a fairly short period of time, the almanacs “April 1”, “Physiology of St. Petersburg”, “Petersburg Collection” were published, in which the poems of the young poet were side by side with the works of the best authors of that period. Among them, among others, there were works by F. Dostoevsky, D. Grigorovich, I. Turgenev.

Publishing business was going well. This allowed Nekrasov and his friends to purchase the Sovremennik magazine at the end of 1846. In addition to the poet himself, many talented writers contribute to this magazine. And Belinsky gives Nekrasov an unusually generous gift - he gives the magazine a huge amount of materials that the critic had been collecting for a long time for his own publication. During the period of reaction, the content of Sovremennik was controlled by the tsarist authorities, and under the influence of censorship, they began to publish mostly works of the adventure genre. But, nevertheless, the magazine does not lose its popularity.

Next, Nekrasov’s biography takes us to sunny Italy, where the poet went in the 50s to be treated for a throat disease. Having recovered his health, he returns to his homeland. Here life is in full swing - Nikolai finds himself in advanced literary streams, communicates with people of high morality. At this time, the best and hitherto unknown sides of the poet’s talent are revealed. While working on the magazine, Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky became his faithful assistants and colleagues.

Despite the fact that Sovremennik was closed in 1866, Nekrasov did not give up. The writer rents Otechestvennye zapiski from his former “competitor,” which quickly rises to the same height as Sovremennik in its time.

Working with two of the best magazines of his time, Nekrasov wrote and published a lot of his works. Among them are poems (“Who Lives Well in Rus'”, “Peasant Children”, “Frost, Red Nose”, “Sasha”, “Russian Women”), poems (“Railroad”, “Knight for an Hour”, “Prophet ") and many others. Nekrasov was at the zenith of his fame.

last years of life

At the beginning of 1875, the poet was given a terrible diagnosis - “intestinal cancer.” His life became a complete misery, and only the support of devoted readers helped him somehow hold on. Telegrams and letters came to Nikolai even from the farthest corners of Russia. This support meant a lot to the poet: while struggling with pain, he continued to create. At the end of his life, he writes a satirical poem called “Contemporaries”, a sincere and touching cycle of poems “Last Songs”.

The talented poet and literary activist said goodbye to this world on December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878) in St. Petersburg, at the age of only 56 years.

Despite the severe frost, thousands of people came to say goodbye to the poet and accompany him to his final resting place (Novodevichy Cemetery in St. Petersburg).

Love in the life of a poet

N.A. Nekrasov, whose biography is a real charge of vitality and energy, met three women in his life. His first love was Avdotya Panaeva. They were not officially married, but lived together for fifteen years. After some time, Nekrasov fell in love with a charming Frenchwoman, Selina Lefren. However, this novel was unsuccessful for the poet: Selina left him, and before that she squandered a fair part of his fortune. And finally, six months before his death, Nekrasov got married to Fyokla Viktorova, who loved him dearly and took care of him until his last day.

The great national poet Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov was born on November 28 (December 10), 1821 in the town of Nemirov, Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province.

Childhood

Kolya spent his childhood on the Nekrasov estate - the village of Greshnev in the Yaroslavl province. It was not easy to support 13 (three survived) children, and the father of the future poet also took the position of police officer. The work was not fun; Alexei Sergeevich often had to take his son with him. Therefore, from an early age, Nikolai saw all the problems of ordinary people and sympathized with them.

At the age of 10, Nekrasov was sent to study at a gymnasium in Yaroslavl, where he only completed his studies until the 5th grade. Some biographers of the poet say that the boy studied poorly and was kicked out, others - that his father simply stopped paying fees for his education. Most likely, in reality there was something in between - perhaps the father considered it useless to teach his son further, who was not particularly diligent. He decided that his son should make a military career. For this purpose, Nekrasov, at the age of 16, was sent to St. Petersburg to enter a noble regiment (military school).

Time of hardship

The poet could have become an honest servant, but fate decreed otherwise. In St. Petersburg, he met students who so awakened Nekrasov’s desire to study that he dared to go against his father’s will. The poet began to prepare to enter the university. It was not possible to pass the exams, but Nekrasov went to the Faculty of Philology as a volunteer student (he stayed from 1839 to 1841). His father did not give Nikolai a penny and for three years he lived in terrible poverty. He constantly felt hungry and went so far as to spend the night in homeless shelters. In one of these “institutions” Nekrasov found his first income - he wrote a petition to someone for 15 kopecks.

The difficult financial situation did not break the poet. He vowed to himself to overcome all adversity and achieve recognition.

Literary life

Portrait of N.A. Nekrasov. 1872, work by artist N.N.Ge.

Gradually life began to improve. Nekrasov found a job as a tutor, began to compose alphabet books and fairy tales for popular print publishers, submitted articles to Literaturnaya Gazeta and Literary Supplement to the Russian Invalid. Several vaudevilles he composed (under the pseudonym “Perepelsky”) were staged on the Alexandria stage. Using the accumulated funds, in 1840 Nekrasov published his first collection of poems, “Dreams and Sounds.”

Critics reacted differently to it, but Belinsky’s negative opinion upset Nekrasov so much that he bought up most of the circulation and destroyed it. The collection remained interesting in that it represented the poet in a work completely uncharacteristic of him - a writer of ballads, which never happened in the future.

In the 40s, Nekrasov first came to the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski as a bibliographer. This is where his friendship with Belinsky begins. Soon Nikolai Alekseevich began to be actively published. He publishes almanacs “Physiology of St. Petersburg”, “April 1”, “Petersburg Collection” and others, where, in addition to him, the best authors of that time are published: F. Dostoevsky, D. Grigorovich, A. Herzen, I. Turgenev.

Publishing business was going well and at the end of 1846 Nekrasov, together with several friends, acquired the Sovremennik magazine. A whole “team” of the best writers goes to this magazine together with Nikolai Alekseevich. Belinsky makes a huge “gift” to Nekrasov by donating to the magazine a large amount of material that he had previously “accumulated” for his own publication.

After the onset of the reaction, Sovremennik becomes more “obedient” to the authorities, it begins to publish more adventure literature, but this does not prevent the magazine from remaining the most popular in Russia.

In the 50s, Nekrasov went to Italy for treatment for a throat disease. Upon his return, both his health and his affairs improved. He ends up in the advanced stream of literature, among people of high moral principles. Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov work with him in the magazine. The best sides of Nekrasov’s talent are also revealed.

When Sovremennik was closed in 1866, Nekrasov did not give up, but rented Otechestvennye zapiski from his old “competitor,” which he elevated to the same literary heights as Sovremennik.

During his work with the two best magazines of our time, Nekrasov wrote and published many of his works: the poems “Sasha”, “Peasant Children”, “Frost, Red Nose”, “Who Lives Well in Rus'” (finished in 1876), “Russian Women ”, poems “Knight for an Hour”, “Railroad”, “Prophet” and many others. Nekrasov was at the zenith of his fame.

At the last line

At the beginning of 1875, the poet was diagnosed with intestinal cancer. His life turned into a series of sufferings, and only the general support of readers gave him any strength. The poet received telegrams and letters of support from all over Russia. Inspired by the support of people, Nekrasov, overcoming pain, continues to write. In recent years, the following have been written: the satirical poem “Contemporaries”, the poem “Sowers” ​​and the cycle of poems “Last Songs”, unsurpassed in sincerity of feelings. The poet remembers his life and the mistakes he made in it and at the same time sees himself as a writer who lived his years with dignity. On December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878) in St. Petersburg, Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov ended his earthly journey. He was only 56 years old at that time.

Despite the severe cold, a crowd of thousands escorted the poet to his final resting place at the Novodevichy cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Interesting about Nekrasov:

There were three women in Nekrasov’s life:

Avdotya Yakovlevna Panaeva, with whom he lived without marriage for 15 years.

Frenchwoman Selina Lefren, who abandoned the poet, having squandered a fair portion of his money.

Fyokla Anisimovna Viktorova, with whom Nekrasov married 6 months before his death.

Nekrasov, in modern terms, was a real manager and entrepreneur - he managed to make two magazines better, which before him were in a rather difficult financial situation.

NEKRASOV Nikolai Alekseevich (November 28 (December 10), 1821, the town of Nemirov (according to another version, the village of Sinki) Podolsk province - December 27, 1877 (January 8, 1878), St. Petersburg, buried at the Novodevichy cemetery) - poet, writer, editor-publisher of the magazines Sovremennik (1847−1866) and Otechestvennye zapiski (from 1868).

April 11 - censorship permission for the second issue of the “red books” with Nekrasov’s poems.

Around May 10 - Nekrasov left for Karabikha; in the put in order estate, the poet received many guests and hunted; “Frost the Red Nose”, “Orina, the Soldier’s Mother” were written, the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” was conceived.

End of September - return to St. Petersburg.

October 8 - Nekrasov attended the funeral of N. G. Pomyalovsky, a young writer who died on October 5.

January 19 - A.V. Druzhinin died; in Sovremennik, Nekrasov honored the memory of his friend and colleague with a sincere obituary, and attended his funeral.

February 20 - an enthusiastic review of the poem “Red Nose Frost” in a letter to Nekrasov by M. S. Volkonsky, the son of the Decembrist.

May 4 - N. G. Chernyshevsky was sentenced by the Senate - exile to hard labor for seven years.

May 20 - August - Nekrasov undergoes treatment abroad.

Beginning of September - end of October - Nekrasov in Karabikha; work on the first part of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”

Autumn - the poem “The Railway” was written.

Winter - work on the second part of the satirical cycle “About the Weather”.

February 20 - A. Ya. Panaeva ceded her rights to publish the Sovremennik magazine to Nekrasov for 14 thousand rubles.

April 7 - Nekrasov refused to become F. M. Dostoevsky’s partner in publishing his journal of pochvennicheskoy orientation “Epoch”.

Mid-May - August 30 - Nekrasov in Karabikha: work on the first part of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”

November - Sovremennik published N. A. Nekrasov’s poem “The Railway”.

Mid-December - Nekrasov appealed to the Main Directorate of Press Affairs with a request to return Sovremennik to the conditions of preliminary censorship.

December - Nekrasov notified the Main Directorate for Press Affairs of his desire to stop publishing the magazine since 1867 and asked to guarantee him the possibility of continuing the publication of Sovremennik over the next year “solely for economic” purposes - to give him a period to pay off the magazine’s debts caused by the death of I. I. Panaev, N. A. Dobrolyubov, the arrest of N. G. Chernyshevsky and the unfulfilled obligations of a number of authors who took payment for the work in advance.

February - Nekrasov’s satire “Ballet” was published in Sovremennik; Nekrasov renewed his acquaintance with V.P. Botkin, counting on his financial assistance in the event of the government closing the magazine.

March 4 - Nekrasov receives by mail an anonymous poem “It can’t be!” (the author is an aspiring poetess O.P. Martynova, familiar to Nekrasov); Contrary to the rumors circulating in society about the poet’s ideological apostasy, the poem expresses faith in his moral dignity.

March - Sovremennik publishes a single satirical cycle, “Songs about Free Speech.”

April 4 - radical student D.V. Karakozov shot at Emperor Alexander II; The sovereign was “saved” by allegedly pushing the attacker’s arm by Kostroma tradesman O.I. Komissarov.

April 5 - Nekrasov paid visits to a number of his high-society acquaintances to consult on ways to save the magazine in the context of the upcoming repressions.

April 6 - at a meeting of the Literary Fund, Nekrasov signed a loyal address to Emperor Alexander II.

April 9 - in St. Petersburg, at a dinner at the English Club in honor of O.I. Komissarov, Nekrasov recited “welcome” poems to the savior of the sovereign.

April 16 - after lunch at the English Club in honor of Count M. N. Muravyov, appointed head of the Investigative Commission in the case of the attempt on the life of the Sovereign Emperor, Nekrasov, on the recommendation of the foreman of the English Club G. A. Stroganov, read “the strangler of the Polish uprising” 12 ambiguously panegyric lines. This does not lead to a change in decision about the fate of the magazine; upon his return, the poet writes the poem “The enemy rejoices...”

April 27 - G. Z. Eliseev, publicist for the Sovremennik magazine, was arrested. The next day, Nekrasov visited Eliseev’s family to find out about the fate of the employee, and was subject to a gendarme search; It was only by chance that he was not arrested himself.

June 13 - Nekrasov agreed with the publisher N.V. Gerbel to satisfy Sovremennik subscribers with four volumes of the Complete Dramatic Works of William Shakespeare.

June 15 - 20 - Nekrasov again left for Karabikha, where he worked on scenes from the lyrical comedy "Bear Hunt", addressing the characters and moral heritage of the "people of the forties."

October 30 - the widow of P. A. Pletnev filed a petition to retain ownership of the Sovremennik magazine for her family; the request was denied.

Early November - return to St. Petersburg and a promise to leading employees of feasible compensation in connection with the loss of their jobs.

November 28 - Nekrasov supported the request of the mother of I. I. Panaev at the Literary Fund to grant her a pension.

December 20 - presence at the trial of A. S. Suvorin’s book “All sorts of things. Essays on modern life”, sentenced to burning.

Winter - Nekrasov became close to a member of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs V. M. Lazarevsky, together with him he rented a hunting cottage in Chudovskaya Luka.

March - work on the cycle “Poems dedicated to Russian children”; going abroad.

April - May - Nekrasov in Paris and Florence: scenes from the lyrical comedy "Bear Hunt" were reworked.

June - return to Russia.

July - negotiations with D.I. Pisarev about cooperation.

July - September - Nekrasov rejected A. A. Kraevsky’s offer to head the fiction department in his magazine “Domestic Notes”, negotiations with A. A. Kraevsky about renting the magazine.

December 8 - signing of a lease agreement for the journal Otechestvennye zapiski with recognition of Nekrasov as the “publicly responsible editor” of the publication.

January - writer V. A. Sleptsov was invited as secretary to the new editorial office of Otechestvennye Zapiski.

April 7 - I. A. Arsenyev stated in print that the banned Sovremennik had been revived in the new Otechestvennye Zapiski.

April 9 - A. A. Kraevsky appealed to the Main Directorate for Press Affairs with a request to transfer the responsible editorship of the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski to N. A. Nekrasov, the request was rejected.

June - M. E. Saltykov retired, came to St. Petersburg and headed the fiction department at Otechestvennye zapiski.

November - December - the 5th edition of poems by N. A. Nekrasov is published.

The second half of the year - the involvement of the young critic N.K. Mikhailovsky in cooperation with Otechestvennye Zapiski.

January - February - publication in Otechestvennye zapiski of the first chapters of Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”

March - the publication of the brochure by M. A. Antonovich and Yu. G. Zhukovsky “Materials for characterizing modern Russian literature”, representing a political denunciation of Nekrasov and moral defamation of him as a person, journalist and poet.

Mid-April - Nekrasov leaves for Paris.

The beginning of May - an order for articles from political emigrant V. A. Zaitsev for Otechestvennye Zapiski.

May - August - Nekrasov moved from Paris to Interlaken, then to Soden, Kissingen, Dieppe; strengthening effect of sea baths.

October 1 - Nekrasov rejected V.S. Kurochkin’s offer to become a partner in the new magazine he was starting.

Winter - Nekrasov’s rapprochement with F. A. Viktorova (Zinaida Nikolaevna)

February - arrest of the second issue of Otechestvennye Zapiski for publishing an article by V. A. Zaitsev about F. Lassalle.

March 12 - conflict with V. M. Lazarevsky due to illegal mail being sent to his address from Brussels.

Around August 10, Nekrasov returned to St. Petersburg and the next day went to Chudovo, where he stayed for a week.

October - a number of articles and satire by Nekrasov “Recent Time”, published in Otechestvennye Zapiski, caused a sharp reaction in the censorship department.

April - Nekrasov spent a long time “preparing” the poem “Princess Trubetskoy” for passage through censorship.

Spring - reading to M. S. Volkonsky Nekrasov “Notes” of his mother M. N. Volkonskaya.

Early September - Nekrasov hunting in Chudov.

October 24 - Nekrasov agreed to the trusteeship of the Karabikh School; contributes 100 rubles to the construction of a new building for the Abakumtsevo school.

Nekrasov on the hunt. Hood. A. Plastov

January - Nekrasov is considering the plan for a large poem of 10 chapters about the Decembrists, in the spring he met with the Decembrist M.A. Nazimov.

March 30 - a notarial deed was concluded between Nekrasov and A. A. Kraevsky for the publication of “Domestic Notes” for 10 years from January 1, 1874.

July - chapters of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” were written - “Dyomushka” (in Wiesbaden), “The Woman's Parable” (in Dieppe).

Mid-August - return from abroad to St. Petersburg, went hunting for several days in Chudovo.

December 19 - a meeting of writers on the occasion of the release of the literary collection “Kladchina” in favor of the starving people of the Samara province.

January 1 - agreement with A. A. Kraevsky on the triple editorship of “Domestic Notes”: N. A. Nekrasov - department of poetry, M. E. Saltykov - department of fiction, G. Z. Eliseev - department of journalism and sciences.

February - “Poems by N. Nekrasov” were published. Part seven."

March 15 - conclusion of an agreement between the editors of Otechestvennye Zapiski on the distribution of responsibilities and the amount of remuneration.

April - Nekrasov asked F. M. Dostoevsky for his novel “Teenager” for “Notes of the Fatherland”; The fourth issue of the magazine was almost arrested.

May 21 - decision to publish a literary collection for the 15th anniversary of the Literary Fund - partly with funds advanced by Nekrasov.

June - August - Nekrasov and Zina left for Chudovskaya Luka near Novgorod. Work on the poem “Despondency”; The cycle “Overnight” and the poem “The Grief of Old Nahum” were written.

September 14 - V. M. Lazarevsky ceded his part of the dacha in Chudov to N. A. Nekrasov, their relationship was interrupted.

Winter - Nekrasov’s physical condition noticeably deteriorated, and his emotional experiences intensified.

April - Nekrasov donated 800 rubles to the Literary Fund.

Beginning of May - Nekrasov hunted in Chudov; work on the 2nd part of the poem “Contemporaries”.

May 20 — Nekrasov proposes to include in the anniversary collection of the Literary Fund materials about the history of its foundation and activities, and the biographies of deceased members of the fund.

Late May - early June - Nekrasov, Zina and her niece Natasha went to visit their brother Fyodor Alekseevich in Karabikha.

Autumn - meeting the young publicist S. N. Krivenko (later he wrote memoirs about Nekrasov).

January - February - publication of the charitable literary collection “Brotherly Assistance to the Affected Families of Bosnia and Herzegovina”, to which Nekrasov contributed his poem “The Terrible Year...”

March 11−15 - refusal of personal participation in the discussion of the issue of A. Ya. Panayeva’s benefit at the Literary Fund.

March 15 - Nekrasov’s message to A.N. Pypin about the order he made to his sister regarding the issuance of part of the money from the publication of the poet’s works for N.G. Chernyshevsky.

March, April, June - publication in “Novoe Vremya” by A. S. Suvorin of Nekrasov’s poems, “inconvenient” in a personal or censorship sense.

April 20 - Nekrasov unsuccessfully tried to defend in the Main Directorate for Press Affairs the novel by A. M. Skabichevsky “It Was - It Has Obsolete,” assigned to No. 4 of “Otechestvennye Zapiski.”

Summer - Nekrasov’s health deteriorated, constant acute pain; trips to Gatchina to visit physician S.P. Botkin, departure following S.P. Botkin, who accompanied the Empress, to Yalta.

September - October - Nekrasov in Yalta; working on the chapter “A Feast for the Whole World” of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”

November - censorship ban on “A Feast for the Whole World”, attempts to save the poem; collection of signatures addressed to Nekrasov from St. Petersburg and Kharkov students.

December - Nekrasov’s attending physicians convened a consultation.

ON THE. Nekrasov. Hood. I.N. Kramskoy

January 10 - Chairman of the St. Petersburg Censorship Committee A.G. Petrov persuades Nekrasov not to publish “A Feast for the Whole World.”

Beginning of February - Nekrasov was visited by a delegation of students from St. Petersburg and Kharkov.

Mid-February - in the St. Petersburg artists' club, a detective stole the Address of N. A. Nekrasov; the club is closed.

February - intensive work on the poem “Mother”; dictation of memories to sister and brother.

End of February - Nekrasov sent the poem “The Honest, the Valiantly Fallen have fallen silent...” for transmission to P. A. Alekseev, the leader of the underground group convicted in the “trial of fifty.”

March 3 - in the presence of A.N. Pypin and doctors Belogolovy and Bogdanovsky, Nekrasov read the poem “Bayushki-Bayu”; refusal of further attempts at creativity.

April 12 - Nekrasov was operated on by the Viennese surgeon Billroth, his health improved, he was able to get up and walk.

End of May - Turgenev visited Nekrasov; the poet could not speak, but with a gesture he said goodbye to his former friend.

November 15 - F. M. Dostoevsky visited the poet again, who found Nekrasov and M. E. Saltykov conferring about the December issue of “Notes of the Fatherland.”

November - the poem “Autumn” was written about trains coming from the Balkan front.

End of November - beginning of December - the last few poems were written.

The list of universally recognizable works by Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is quite large. From the poems “Grandfather Mazai and the Hares”, “Little Man with a Marigold” to the epic poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”.

It was Nekrasov who expanded the range of the poetic genre with colloquial speech and folklore. No one had practiced such combinations before him. This innovation had a great influence on the further development of literature.

Nekrasov was the first to decide on a combination of sadness, satire and lyricism within one work.

Biographers like to divide the history of Nikolai Alekseevich’s development as a poet into three periods:

✪ The moment of release of the collection “Dreams and Sounds”. This is the image of the poet, which was created in the lyrics of Pushkin, Lermontov, Baratynsky. The young man still wants to be like this image, but is already looking for himself in his own personal creativity. The writer has not yet decided on his direction, and is trying to imitate recognized writers.

✪ Since 1845. Now the poet depicts street scenes in his poems, and this is liked and welcomed. Before us is a poet of a new format who already knows what he wants to say.

✪ Late 40s - Nekrasov is a famous poet and successful writer. He edits the most influential literary world at that time.

At the beginning of your creative journey

Very young, with great difficulty, eighteen-year-old Nekrasov reached St. Petersburg. He kept with him a notebook of youthful poems. The young man believed in his capabilities. It seemed to him that the poet’s fame would happen as soon as people began to read his poems.

And indeed, a year later he was able to publish his first book - poetry. The book was called "Dreams and Sounds." The success that the author expected did not follow. This did not break the poet.

The young man strived for education. He decided to attend lectures at St. Petersburg University as a volunteer, but this was also a very short-lived project of his, which ended in failure. His father deprived him of all help; there was nothing to live on. The young man put aside his high title for several years and began writing for various magazines and newspapers, becoming a literary day laborer. Vaudeville, prose, satirical stories - this is how Nikolai earned money in his early years.

Fortunately, in 1845 everything changed. Together with the poet Ivan Panaev, the young authors published an almanac with the attractive title “Physiology of St. Petersburg.” The collection was expected to be a success. Absolutely new heroes appeared to the Russian reader. These were not romantic characters, not duelists. These were ordinary residents of St. Petersburg: janitors, organ grinders, in general, those who need sympathy.

Contemporary

A year later, at the end of 1846, young writers go even further. They are a well-known magazine "Contemporary" are issued for rent. This is the same magazine that was founded in 1836 by Pushkin.

Already in January 1847, the first issues of Sovremennik were published.

The contemporary is also a resounding success. New Russian literature begins with this magazine. Nikolai Alekseevich is a new type of editor. He assembled an excellent team of literary professionals. All Russian literature seems to have narrowed down to a narrow circle of like-minded people. To make a name for himself, a writer had only to show his manuscript to Nekrasov, Panaev or Belinsky, he would like it and be published in Sovremennik.

The magazine began to educate the public in an anti-serfdom and democratic spirit.

When Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky began to be published in the publication, the old employees began to be indignant. But Nikolai Alekseevich was sure that thanks to the diversity of the magazine, its circulation would increase. The bet worked. The magazine, aimed at diverse young people, attracted more and more readers.

But in 1862, a warning was issued to the writing team, and the government decided to suspend the publication’s activities. It was renewed in 1863.

After the assassination attempt on Emperor Alexander II in 1866, the magazine was closed forever.

Creative flourishing

In the mid-40s, while working at Sovremennik, Nikolai Alekseevich gained fame as a poet. This glory was undeniable. Many people did not like the poems; they seemed strange and shocking. For many, beautiful paintings and landscapes were not enough.

With his lyrics, the writer glorifies simple everyday situations. Many people think that the position of the people's defender is just a mask, but in life the poet is a completely different person.

The writer himself worked a lot on his own biography, creating the image of a poor man and, therefore, well understanding the soul of the poor. At the beginning of his creative career, he actually ate bread in public canteens, hiding behind a newspaper in shame; for some period he slept in a shelter. All this, of course, strengthened his character.

When, finally, the writer began to live the life of a wealthy writer, this life ceased to fit in with the legend, and his contemporaries formed a counter-myth about a sensualist, a gambler, a spender.

Nekrasov himself understands the duality of his position and reputation. And he repents in his poems.

That's why I deeply despise myself,
That I live - day after day, uselessly destroying;
That I, without trying my strength at anything,
He condemned himself with a merciless court...

The most striking works

There were different periods in the author's work. They all found their reflection: classical prose, poetry, drama.

The debut of literary talent can be considered a poem "On the road" , written in 1945, where a conversation between a master and a serf reveals the attitude of the nobility towards the common people. The gentlemen wanted to - they took a girl into the house to raise her, and after an audit of the serfs, they took a grown, well-mannered girl and kicked her out of the manor’s house. She is not adapted to village life, and no one cares about that.

For about ten years, Nekrasov has been published on the pages of the magazine, of which he himself is the editor. It is not only poetry that occupies the writer. Having become close to the writer Avdotya Panaeva, falling in love with her, appreciating her talent, Nikolai creates a kind of tandem.

One after another, novels written in co-authorship are being published. Panaeva published under the pseudonym Stanitsky. Most notable “Dead Lake”, “Three Countries of the World” .

Early significant works include the following poems: “Troika”, “Drunkard”, “Hound Hunt”, “Motherland” .

In 1856, his new collection of poems was published. Each verse was imbued with pain about the people, their difficult lot in conditions of complete lawlessness, poverty and hopelessness: “Schoolboy”, “Lullaby”, “To the Temporary Worker” .

A poem born in agony "Reflections at the Front Entrance" in 1858. It was ordinary life material, only seen from the window, and then, decomposed into themes of evil, judgment and retribution.

In his mature work, the poet did not betray himself. He described the difficulties that all strata of society faced after the abolition of serfdom.

The following nicknames occupy a special textbook place:

✪ A large verse dedicated to the poet’s sister, Anna Alekseevna "Jack Frost" .

✪ "Railway" , where the author shows without embellishment the other side of the construction medal. And he does not hesitate to say that nothing changes in the lives of the serfs who received their freedom. They are also exploited for pennies, and the masters of life deceitfully take advantage of illiterate people.

✪ Poet "Russian women" , was originally supposed to be called “Decembrists”. But the author changed the title, trying to emphasize that any Russian woman is ready for sacrifice, and she has enough mental strength to overcome all obstacles.

✪ Even though the poem “Who lives well in Rus'” was conceived as a voluminous work, only four parts saw the light of day. Nikolai Alekseevich did not have time to finish his work, but he tried to give the work a finished look.

Idioms

The extent to which Nekrasov’s work remains relevant to this day can be judged by the most famous phrases. Here are just a few of them.

✪ The 1856 collection opened with the poem “The Poet and the Citizen.” In this poem the poet is inactive, does not write. And then a citizen comes to him and calls on him to start working.

You may not be a poet
But you have to be a citizen.

These two lines contain such a philosophy that writers still interpret them differently.

✪ The author constantly used gospel motifs. The poem “To the Sowers,” written in 1876, was based on the parable of a sower who sowed grain. Some grains sprouted and bore good fruit, while others fell on a stone and died. Here the poet exclaims:

Sower of knowledge for the people's field!
Perhaps you find the soil barren,
Are your seeds bad?

Sow what is reasonable, good, eternal,
Sow! Thank you from the bottom of my heart
Russian people…

The conclusion suggests itself. Not everyone and not always say thank you, but the sower sows by choosing fertile soil.

✪ And this excerpt, known to everyone, from the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” can be considered the culminating last chord of Nekrasov’s work:

You're miserable too
You are also abundant
You are mighty
You are also powerless
Mother Rus'!