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Lev Davidovich Landau short biography. Biography of Landau Lev Davidovich Landau short biography

Lev Davidovich Landau was born on January 22, 1908 in Baku, his mother was a doctor, and his father was a petroleum engineer. Landau was a very gifted child with a penchant for the exact sciences. Already at the age of 14, he entered Baku University, immediately into two faculties - chemistry and physics and mathematics. From chemistry, however, he soon abandoned.

Landau made his first important contribution to the development of physics at the age of 19, after graduating from the Physics Department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Leningrad University.

He introduced the concept of density matrix as a method for a complete quantum mechanical description of systems that are part of a larger system. This concept has become fundamental in quantum statistics.

Landau spent the next few years on business trips to other countries, where he continued to study. He met Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg and other physicists, both already famous and young, but outstanding.

In the 1930s, Landau headed the theoretical department of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology in Kharkov, headed the Department of Theoretical Physics at the Faculty of Physics and Mechanics of the Kharkov Mechanical Engineering Institute (now the Kharkov Polytechnic Institute). In the same period, he began to live with Concordia (Kora) Drobantseva, a graduate of the Faculty of Chemistry, with whom he was in an open relationship. The marriage between Landau and Drobantseva was registered only in 1946, before the birth of her son.

After Landau's death, Cora began work on a memoir dedicated to her life with her husband. After the book was published, it caused a scandal in the academic community - scientists were shocked and outraged by the details of the personal lives of the great minds of the USSR described in it. In particular, she described the numerous adventures of Landau himself.

“Korushka, horror! I screwed up the girl. Imagine a very pretty girl.

The style of the dress promised a lot and she pressed herself so culturally, reached into her bosom - and there was nothing. Not that little, but simply zero. Well, I ran away from her like a frog, without even saying goodbye. And now I'm pissed!"

She gave examples of his stories.

Despite his love for women, he did not consider it necessary to help them realize themselves in physics - for example, once he refused to take a student of his former student of physics to graduate school.

After his dismissal from Kharkov University in 1937, Landau, at the invitation of the physicist Peter, moved to Moscow, becoming head of the theoretical department of the Institute of Physical Problems.

In 1938, Landau was arrested for anti-Soviet views - he participated in writing a leaflet calling for the overthrow of the Stalinist regime.

In it, Stalin was called a fascist dictator, in "his rabid hatred of real socialism" equaled Hitler and Mussolini.

He was released from prison a year later thanks to a letter in his defense from Niels Bohr and a guarantee from Kapitsa. He wrote to Beria that “Landau will not conduct any counter-revolutionary activities at my institute, and I will take all measures in my power to ensure that he does not conduct any counter-revolutionary work outside the institute” and promised in the event of anti-Soviet statements from Landau report to the NKVD. Landau was rehabilitated only in 1990.

Landau's views, however, did not change.

“I am a free-thinking person, and they are miserable lackeys. First of all, I feel superior,

- he later declared in relation to other scientists.

“If it were not for the fifth point, that is, nationality, I would not be doing special work, but only physics, a science that I am now lagging behind. The special work I'm doing gives me some kind of power... I've been reduced to the level of a "learned slave," and that determines everything," Landau lamented about the need to carry out government assignments.

From 1945 to 1953, Landau participated in the Soviet Atomic Project and was awarded three Stalin Prizes, the Order of Lenin and the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for this. From 1955 until the end of his life he taught at the Department of Quantum Theory and Electrodynamics of the Faculty of Physics.

The idea of the famous "Landau and Lifshitz Course in Theoretical Physics" came to Landau back in the 1920s, while studying at Leningrad University.

He worked on it together with the physicist Matvey Bronstein, who was shot in 1938. In 1935-1938, a manuscript devoted to mechanics, statistics, and electrodynamics was published, co-authored by Landau's graduate students Leonid Pyatigorsky and Evgeny Lifshits. “Landafshitz” was the Soviet name for the book and is still called by Russian physics students.

Lifshitz wrote about Landau: “He told how he was shocked by the incredible beauty of the general theory of relativity ... He also talked about the state of ecstasy that led him to study the articles by Heisenberg and Schrödinger, which marked the birth of a new quantum mechanics. He said that they gave him not only the enjoyment of true scientific beauty, but also a keen sense of the power of human genius, the greatest triumph of which is that a person is able to understand things that he can no longer imagine. And, of course, this is precisely the curvature of space-time and the uncertainty principle.

Also in 1935, the book “Problems in Theoretical Physics. Part I. Mechanics”, written in collaboration with Lifshitz and physicist Lev Rozenkevich. The subsequent parts of the problem book did not come out because of the execution of Rozenkevich.

Over the next nearly 30 years, seven out of ten volumes of the course were produced. After Landau was injured in a car accident, Lifshitz also collaborated with other physicists.

"A tragic fate fell to his lot - to die twice,

Lifshitz wrote about Landau in the afterword of the second volume of the course. “The first time it happened was six years ago, on January 7, 1962, when on the highway, on the road from Moscow to Dubna, a passenger car collided with an oncoming truck.”

The dump truck demolished the door of the Volga in which Landau was riding. After the impact, the unconscious physicist fell onto the road.

“Yes, Dau received a complex of multiple injuries, each of which could lead to death: a fracture of seven ribs that tore the lungs; multiple hemorrhages in soft tissues and, as it turned out much later, in the retroperitoneal space with sweating into the abdominal cavity; extensive fractures of the pelvic bones with separation of the wing of the pelvis, displacement of the pubic bones; retroperitoneal hematoma - Dow's concave abdomen turned into a huge black blister.

But the doctors in those days said that all these terrible injuries were just scratches compared to a head injury!

Cora wrote.

Not only doctors fought for the scientist's life. One of the foreign publishers of his works, having learned about the incident, flew to Moscow with the necessary medicines. The students got hold of an artificial respiration apparatus and oxygen cylinders. Landau was in a coma for almost two months, but still survived.

In the same year, Landau received the Nobel Prize in Physics "for pioneering research in the theory of condensed matter, especially liquid helium."

After the accident, Landau retired from physics. Over the following years, he relatively recovered his health, but he still had difficulty walking and suffered from stomach pains. In March 1968, Landau's condition worsened. The pains sharply increased, the stomach was swollen, on March 25 severe vomiting appeared. Landau was hospitalized with a diagnosis of intestinal obstruction.

He was operated on at night. The next day, Landau felt better than the doctors expected. But over the following days, his condition repeatedly worsened, then improved again.

Landau died on April 1, 1968 due to thrombosis of the mesenteric vessels. A few hours before his death, he said: “Nevertheless, I lived my life well. I have always succeeded!"

Thanks to Landau, an outstanding school of theoretical physicists was created, many of whom contributed to the development of physics hardly less than Landau himself. Several dozen physical theories bear his name.

Postage stamp of Azerbaijan issued for the 100th anniversary of Landau

Lev Davidovich Landau(often referred to by fellow physicists Dow; January 9 (22), Baku - April 1, Moscow) - Soviet theoretical physicist, founder of a scientific school, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (elected to). Winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Biography

Lev Davidovich Landau was born on January 22, 1908 in Baku, into a Jewish family of oil engineer David Lvovich Landau and his wife, doctor Lyubov Veniaminovna Garkavi-Landau. Lyubov Veniaminovna Garkavi-Landau (1876-1941) was a graduate of the Mogilev Women's Gymnasium, the Eleninsky Midwifery Institute and in St. Petersburg. After her marriage in 1905, she worked as an obstetrician in Balkhany, a school doctor at the Baku Women's Gymnasium, published scientific papers on experimental pharmacology ("Die Phasenwirkung des Digitalis auf das isolierte Herz", 1925; "On the immunity of a toad to its own poison", 1930) and "A Concise Guide to Experimental Pharmacology" (1927). David Lvovich Landau (1866-1943) also came from Mogilev and worked as an engineer at The Caspian-Black Sea Joint-Stock Company in Balkhany and later in Baku, and in the 1920s as a process engineer at Azneft; published scientific papers, including "Method of extinguishing a burning oil gusher" (Bulletin of the Society of Technologists, St. Petersburg, 1913) and "The Basic Law of Lifting a Liquid by a Passing Air (Gas)" (Journal of Technical Physics, vol. 6, issue 8, 1936 ).

Academician Landau is considered a legendary figure in the history of Russian and world science. Quantum mechanics, solid state physics, magnetism, low temperature physics, cosmic ray physics, hydrodynamics, quantum field theory, atomic nucleus physics and elementary particle physics, plasma physics - this is not a complete list of areas that attracted Landau's attention at different times. It was said about him that in "the huge building of physics of the 20th century there were no locked doors for him."

Death

Landau's only non-physical theory was the theory of happiness. He believed that every person should and even must be happy. To do this, he deduced a simple formula that contained three parameters: love, work and communication with people.

That's what Landau said

In addition to science, Landau is known as a joker. His contribution to scientific humor is quite large. Possessing a subtle, sharp mind and excellent eloquence, Landau encouraged humor in every possible way in his colleagues. He coined the term so said Landau, and also became the hero of various humorous stories. Characteristically, jokes are not necessarily related to physics and mathematics.

Landau had her own classification of women. According to Landau, girls are divided into beautiful, pretty and interesting.

Brief chronology of life and work

1916-1920 - studying at the gymnasium
1920-1922 - studies at the Baku Economic College.
1922-1924 - study at the Azerbaijan State University.
1924 - transfer to the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Leningrad State University.
1926 - Admission to supernumerary graduate school. Participation in the V Congress of Russian Physicists in Moscow (December 15-20). Publication of Landau's first scientific work "On the theory of spectra of diatomic molecules".
1927 - graduation from the university (January 20) and entering graduate school. In work "The problem of braking by radiation" to describe the state of systems for the first time introduces a new concept into quantum mechanics - the density matrix.
1929 - year and a half scientific trip to continue education in Berlin, Göttingen, Leipzig, Copenhagen, Cambridge, Zurich. Publication of a work on diamagnetism, which put him on a par with the world's leading physicists.
March 1931 - return to his homeland and work in Leningrad.
August 1932 - transfer to Kharkov as head of the theoretical department of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology (UFTI).
1932-1936 - appointment as head of the Department of Theoretical Physics of the Kharkov Mechanical Engineering Institute (now). Reading a course of lectures at the Faculty of Physics and Mechanics.
1934 - L. D. Landau was awarded the degree of Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences without defending a dissertation. Conference on Theoretical Physics in Kharkov. Trip to Bohr's seminar in Copenhagen (May 1-22). Creation of a theoretical minimum - a special program for training young physicists.
1935 - reading a course in physics at Kharkov State University, head of the department of general physics of KhSU. Assignment of the title of professor.
1936-1937 - Creation of the theory of phase transitions of the second kind and the theory of the intermediate state of superconductors.
1937 - transfer to work in Moscow (February 8). Appointment as head of the theoretical department of the IFP.
April 27, 1938 - arrest.
April 29, 1939 - release from prison thanks to the intervention of P. L. Kapitsa.
1940-1941 - creation of the theory of superfluidity of liquid helium.
1941 - creation of the theory of quantum fluid.
1943 - awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor.
1945 - awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.
November 30, 1946 - elected a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Awarding the Stalin Prize.
1946 - Creation of the theory of electron plasma oscillations ("Landau damping").
1948 - publication of the "Course of lectures on general physics".
1949 - Awarded the Stalin Prize, awarded the Order of Lenin.
1950 - construction of the theory of superconductivity (together with V. L. Ginzburg).
1951 - Elected a member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences.
1953 - awarding the Stalin Prize.
1954 - Awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. Publication (together with A. A. Abrikosov, I. M. Khalatnikov) of a fundamental work "Fundamentals of Electrodynamics".
1955 - edition "Lectures on the theory of the atomic nucleus"(together with Ya. A. Smorodinsky).
1956 - elected a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of the Netherlands.
1957 - Creation of the Fermi liquid theory.
1959 - L. D. Landau proposes the principle of combined parity.
1960 - elected a member of the British Physical Society, the Royal Society of London, the US National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Sciences and Arts. Award of the Fritz London Prize. Rewarding with the Max Planck medal (Germany).
1962 - car accident on the way to Dubna (January 7). Lenin Prize for a cycle of books on theoretical physics (together with E. M. Lifshitz) (April). Nobel Prize in Physics "for his pioneering work in the theory of condensed matter, especially liquid helium". Awarded 1 November 1962. The Nobel Prize medal, diploma and check were presented to Landau on December 10 (for the first time in the history of the Nobel Prizes, the awarding took place in a hospital). Awarded the Order of Lenin.
April 1, 1968 - died a few days after the operation.

Landau School. theoretical minimum

Commemorative coin of the Bank of Russia dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of L. D. Landau

Landau created a numerous outstanding school of theoretical physicists. The physicists who were able to pass to Lev Davidovich (and later to his students) 9 theoretical exams, the so-called Landau theoretical minimum, were considered to be Landau's students for the most part. Mathematics was taken first, and then physics exams:

two math exams

Landau demanded from his students knowledge of the foundations of all branches of theoretical physics.

After the war, it was best to use Landau and Lifshitz's theoretical physics course to prepare for exams, however, the first students took exams on Landau's lectures or on handwritten notes.

The first of those who passed the Landau theoretical minimum were:

Alexander Solomonovich Kompaneets (1933)
Leonid Moiseevich Pyatigorsky (passed the theoretical minimum fifth, but not listed in the list provided by Landau)

Other students:

Family

Wife - Concordia Terentievna Drobantseva (among relatives - Bark, 1908-1984), author of memoirs of her husband. Her niece, the writer Maya Yakovlevna Bessarab, is the biographer of L. D. Landau.
- Son - Igor Lvovich Landau (among relatives - Garik, 1946-2011), Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences.
Sister - Sofya Davidovna Landau (1906-1971), was married to Zigush (Sigismund) Mironovich Broderzon (1903-1964), one of the founders of the TsKTI (Central Boiler and Turbine Institute named after I. I. Polzunov), brother of the famous Jewish avant-garde poet Moishe Broderson.
- Her daughter (niece of L. D. Landau) is Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Ella Zigelevna Ryndina (born 1933), author of memoirs about the Landau family; worked as a researcher at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna.

Memory

Named after Landau.
In 1972, the Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh discovered the asteroid 2142, which was named after him in honor of Lev Davidovich. Also on the Moon is the Landau crater, named after the scientist.
Landauit (English) landauite) - a mineral from the krichtonite group, discovered in 1966, named after Landau.
The L. D. Landau Gold Medal has been awarded since 1998 by the Department of Nuclear Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
In 2008, postage stamps of Russia and Azerbaijan were issued in honor of Landau.
In 2008, commemorative coins dedicated to Lev Landau were issued: in Ukraine with a face value of two hryvnias, in Russia - with a face value of 2 rubles.

In art

Main works

On the theory of spectra of diatomic molecules // Ztshr. Phys. 1926. Bd. 40. S. 621.
The damping problem in wave mechanics // Ztshr. Phys. 1927. Bd. 45. S. 430.
Quantum electrodynamics in configuration space // Ztshr. Phys. 1930. Bd. 62. S. 188. (Together with R. Peierls)
Diamagnetism of metals // Ztshr. Phys. 1930. Bd. 64. S. 629.
Extension of the uncertainty principle to relativistic quantum theory // Ztshr. Phys. 1931. Bd. 69. S. 56. (Together with R. Peierls).
On the theory of energy transfer in collisions. I // Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1932. Bd. 1. S. 88.
On the theory of energy transfer in collisions. II // Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1932. Bd. 2. S. 46.
On the theory of stars // Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1932. Bd. 1. S. 285.
On the motion of electrons in a crystal lattice// Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1933. Bd. 3. S. 664.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Universe // Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1933. Bd. 4. S. 114. (Together with M. P. Bronshtein).
Possible explanation of the dependence of the susceptibility on the field at low temperatures // Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1933. Bd. 4. S. 675.
Internal temperature of stars // Nature. 1933. V. 132. P. 567. (Together with G. A. Gamov)
Structure of an unshifted scattering line, Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1934. Bd. 5. S. 172. (Together with G. Plachen.)
On the theory of slowing down of fast electrons by radiation // Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1934. Bd. 5. S. 761; ZhETF. 1935. V. 5. S. 255.
On the formation of electrons and positrons in the collision of two particles // Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1934. Bd. 6. S. 244. (Together with E. M. Lifshitz)
On the theory of heat capacity anomalies // Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1935. Bd. 8. S. 113.
On the theory of dispersion of the magnetic permeability of ferromagnetic bodies // Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1935. Bd. 8. S. 153. (Together with E. M. Lifshitz)
On relativistic corrections to the Schrödinger equation in the many-body problem // Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1935. Bd. 8. S. 487.
On the theory of accommodation coefficient // Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1935. Bd. 8. S. 489.
On the theory of photoelectromotive force in semiconductors // Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1936. Bd. 9. S. 477. (Together with E. M. Lifshitz)
On the theory of sound dispersion // Phys. Ztshr. SOW. 1936. Bd. 10. S. 34. (With Edward Teller)
On the theory of monomolecular reactions // Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1936. Bd. 10. S. 67.
Kinetic equation in the case of Coulomb interaction // ZhETF. 1937. T. 7. S. 203; Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1936. Bd. 10. S. 154.
On the properties of metals at very low temperatures // ZhETF. 1937. T. 7. S. 379; Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1936. Bd. 10. S. 649. (Together with I. Ya. Pomeranchuk)
Scattering of light by light // Nature. 1936. V. 138. R. 206. (Together with A. I. Akhiezer and I. Ya. Pomeranchuk)
On the sources of stellar energy // DAN SSSR. 1937. T. 17. S. 301; Nature. 1938. V. 141. R. 333.
On the absorption of sound in solids // Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1937. Bd. 11. S. 18. (Together with Yu. B. Rumer)
On the theory of phase transitions. I // JETP. 1937. T. 7. S. 19; Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1937. Bd. 7. S. 19.
On the theory of phase transitions. II // ZhETF. 1937. Vol. 7. S. 627; Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1937. Bd. 11. S. 545.
On the theory of superconductivity // ZhETF. 1937. T. 7. S. 371; Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1937. Bd. 7. S. 371.
On the statistical theory of nuclei // ZhETF. 1937. T. 7. S. 819; Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1937. Bd. 11. S. 556.
Scattering of X-rays by crystals near the Curie point // ZhETF. 1937. Vol. 7. S. 1232; Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1937. Bd. 12. S. 123.
Scattering of x-rays by crystals with variable structure // ZhETF. 1937. Vol. 7. S. 1227; Phys. Ztshr. sow. 1937. Bd. 12. S. 579.
Formation of showers by heavy particles // Nature. 1937. V. 140. P. 682. (Together with Yu. B. Rumer)
Stability of neon and carbon with respect to a-decay // Phys. Rev. 1937. V. 52. P. 1251.
Cascade theory of electron showers, Proc. Roy. soc. 1938. V. A166. P. 213. (Together with Yu. B. Rumer)
On the de Haas-van Alphen effect, Proc. Roy. soc. 1939. V. A170. P. 363. Appendix to the article by D. Shen-Schenberg.
On the polarization of electrons during scattering // DAN SSSR. 1940. T. 26. S. 436; Phys. Rev. 1940. V. 57. P. 548.
On the "radius" of elementary particles // ZhETF. 1940. T. 10. S. 718; J Phys. USSR. 1940. V. 2. P. 485.
On the scattering of mesotrons by "nuclear forces" // ZhETF. 1940. T. 10. S. 721; J Phys. USSR. 1940. V. 2. P. 483.
Angular distribution of particles in showers // ZhETF. 1940. T. 10. S. 1007; J Phys. USSR. 1940. V. 3. P. 237.
On the theory of secondary showers// ZhETF. 1941. T. 11. S. 32; J Phys. USSR. 1941. V. 4. P. 375.
On the hydrodynamics of helium-II // ZhETF. 1944. T. 14. S. 112
Theory of viscosity of helium-II // JETF. 1949. T. 19. S. 637
On light scattering by mesotrons JETP 11, 35 (1941); J Phys. USSR 4, 455 (1941) (Together with Ya. A. Smorodinsky)
Theory of superfluidity of helium II JETP 11, 592 (1941); J Phys. USSR 5, 71 (1941)
Theory of stability of strongly charged lyophobic sols and adhesion of strongly charged particles in electrolyte solutions JETP 11, 802 (1941); 15, 663 (1945); Acta phys.-chim. USSR 14, 633 (1941) (with B. V. Deryagin)
Entrainment of liquid by moving plate Acta phys.-chim. USSR 17, 42 (1942) (Together with V. G. Levich)
On the Theory of the Intermediate State of Superconductors ZhETF 13, 377 (1943); J Phys. USSR 7, 99 (1943).
On the relationship between liquid and gaseous states in metals Acta phys.-chim. USSR 18, 194 (1943) (Together with Ya. B. Zel'dovich)
On a new exact solution of the Navier-Stokes equations DAN SSSR 43, 299 (1944)
On the problem of turbulence DAN SSSR 44, 339 (1944)
On the hydrodynamics of helium II. ZhETF 14, 112 (1944); J Phys. USSR 8, 1 (1944)
On the theory of slow combustion. ZhETF 14, 240 (1944); Acta phys.-chim. USSR 19, 77 (1944)
Scattering of protons by protons JETP 14, 269 (1944); J Phys. USSR 8, 154 (1944) (Together with Ya. A. Smorodinsky)
On energy losses by fast particles for ionization. J Phys. USSR 8, 201 (1944)
On the study of the detonation of condensed explosives DAN SSSR 46, 399 (1945) (Together with K. P. Stanyukovich)
Determination of the outflow rate of detonation products of some gas mixtures. DAN SSSR 47, 205 (1945) (Together with K. P. Stanyukovich)
Determination of the outflow velocity of detonation products of condensed explosives DAN SSSR 47, 273 (1945) (Together with K. P. Stanyukovich)
On shock waves at long distances from their place of origin Prikl. Mathematics and Mechanics 9, 286 (1945); J Phys. USSR 9, 496 (1945)
On Oscillations of an Electron Plasma JETP 16, 574 (1946); J Phys. USSR 10, 27 (1946)
On the Thermodynamics of Photoluminescence J. Phys. USSR 10, 503 (1946)
On the theory of helium superfluidity II J. Phys. USSR 11, 91 (1946)
On the motion of foreign particles in helium II DAN SSSR 59, 669 (1948) Together with I. Ya. Pomeranchuk
On the moment of a system of two photons DAN SSSR 60, 207 (1948)
On the theory of superfluidity DAN SSSR 61, 253 (1948); Phys. Rev. 75, 884 (1949)
Effective polaron mass JETP 18, 419 (1948) (Together with S. I. Pekar)
Deuteron splitting in collisions with heavy nuclei JETP 18, 750 (1948) (Together with E. M. Lifshitz)
Theory of Helium Viscosity II. 1. Collisions of elementary excitations in helium II JETP 19, 637 (1949) (With I. M. Khalatnikov)
Theory of Helium Viscosity II. 2. Calculation of the viscosity coefficient JETP 19, 709 (1949) With (I. M. Khalatnikov)
On the interaction between an electron and a positron JETP 19, 673 (1949) (Together with V. B. Berestetskii)
On the equilibrium form of crystals // Collection dedicated to the seventieth anniversary of Academician A.F. Ioffe M.; Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 44 (1950)
On the Theory of Superconductivity JETP 20, 1064 (1950) (Together with V. L. Ginzburg)
On the multiple formation of particles in collisions of fast particles Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Ser. physical 17.51 (1953)
Limits of applicability of the theory of electron bremsstrahlung and pair formation at high energies DAN SSSR 92, 535 (1953)
Electron-avalanche processes at superhigh energies DAN SSSR 92, 735 (1953) (Together with I. Ya. Pomeranchuk)
Emission of gamma-quanta in collisions of fast pi-mesons with nucleons JETP 24, 505 (1953) Together with I. Ya. Pomeranchuk
On the Elimination of Infinities in Quantum Electrodynamics Dokl.
An asymptotic expression for the Green's function of an electron in quantum electrodynamics Dokl.
Asymptotic expression for the Green's function of a photon in quantum electrodynamics Dokl.
Electron mass in quantum electrodynamics DAN SSSR 96, 261 (1954)
On anomalous absorption of sound near points of a second-order phase transition DAN SSSR 96, 469 (1954)
Investigation of flow features using the Euler-Tricomi equation DAN SSSR 96, 725 (1954) (Together with E. M. Lifshitz)
On quantum field theory. In the collection "Niels Bohr and the development of physics" London, 1955; M.; Foreign Publishing House lit., 1958
On point interaction in quantum electrodynamics DAN SSSR 102, 489 (1955) (Together with I. Ya. Pomeranchuk)
Gradient transformations of the Green's functions of charged particles JETP 29, 89 (1955) (Together with (I. M. Khalatnikov)
Hydrodynamic Theory of Multiple Formation of Particles UFN 56, 309 (1955) (Together with S. Z. Belen'kii)
On Quantum Field Theory Nuovo Cimento. Suppl. 3, 80 (1956) (Together with A. A. Abrikosov and I. M. Khalatnikov)
Theory of a Fermi liquid JETP 30, 1058 (1956)
Vibrations of a Fermi liquid JETP 32, 59 (1957)
Conservation laws for weak interactions JETP 32, 405 (1957)
On one possibility for the polarization properties of neutrinos JETP 32, 407 (1957)
On hydrodynamic fluctuations (Together with E. M. Lifshitz) JETP 32, 618 (1957)
Properties of the Green's function of particles in statistics JETP 34, 262 (1958)
On the Theory of a Fermi Liquid JETP 35, 97 (1958)
On the possibility of formulating the theory of strongly interacting fermions Phys. Rev. 111, 321 (1958)
Numerical methods for integrating partial differential equations by the grid method Tr. III All-Union. mat. Congress (Moscow, June-July 1956) M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR 3, 92 (1958) (Together with N. N. Meiman and I. M. Khalatnikov)
On Analytic Properties of Vertex Parts in Quantum Field Theory JETP 37, 62 (1959)
Small binding energies in quantum field theory JETP 39, 1856 (1960)
On the fundamental problems of Theoretical physics in the 20th century: A memorial volume to W.Pauli N.Y.; L.: Interscience (1960)
Physics for everyone // M. Mir. 1979. (Together with A.I. Kitaygorodsky.)

Notes

Literature

Abrikosov, A. A. Academician L. D. Landau: a brief biography and review of scientific works. - M.: Nauka, 1965. - 46 p.: portr.
Abrikosov, A. A., Khalatnikov, I. M. Academician L. D. Landau // Physics at school. - 1962. - N 1. - P. 21-27.
Academician Lev Davidovich Landau: Collection. - M: Knowledge, 1978. - (New in life, science, technology. Ser. Physics; N 3).
Academician Lev Davidovich Landau [on his fiftieth birthday] // Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics. - 1958. - T.34. - P.3-6.
Academician Lev Landau - Nobel Laureate [brief chronological review] // Science and Life. - 1963.- N 2. - S.18-19.
Akhiezer, A. I. Lev Davidovich Landau // Ukrainian Journal of Physics. - 1969. - T.14, N 7. - S.1057-1059.
Akhiezer, A. I. Lev Davidovich Landau (1908-1968). To the 90th birthday.
Bessarab, M. Ya. Landau: Pages of life. - 2nd ed. - M.: Mosk.worker, 1978. - 232 p.: ill. (1st edition - 1971).
Bessarab M. Ya. Landau: Pages of life / Foreword. K. A. Ter-Martirosyan .. - Ed. 3rd, add. - M .: Moscow worker, 1988. - 288, p. - (Creators of science and technology). - 50,000 copies. - ISBN 5-239-00143-X(reg.)
Bessarab, M. Ya. Landau's Formula of Happiness (Portraits). - M.: Terra-book. club, 1999. - 303 s - Bibliography: S.298-302.
Bessarab, M. Ya. So spoke Landau. - M.: Fizmatlit. 2004. - 128 p.
Boyarintsev, V.I. Jewish and Russian scientists. Myths and reality. - M.: FERI-V, 2001. - 172 p.
Vasiltsova, Z. Pedagogy of creativity [about L. D. Landau] // Young Communist. - 1971. - N 5. - S.88-91.
Memories of L. D. Landau / Ed. ed. I. M. Khalatnikov. - M.: Nauka, 1988. - 352 p.: ill.
Around Landau (electronic collections) / IIET RAN, 2008
Ginzburg, V. L. Lev Landau - Teacher and scientist // Moskovsky Komsomolets. - 1968. - January 18.
Ginzburg, V. L. Lev Davidovich Landau // Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. - 1968. - T.94, N 1. - S.181-184.
Golovanov, Ya. Life among formulas. Academician L. D. Landau is 60 // Komsomolskaya Pravda. - 1968. - January 23.
Gorelik G. E. Soviet life of Lev Landau. Moscow: Vagrius, 2008, 463 p., 61 illustrations.
Gorobets, B. S. Krug Landau // Network almanac "Jewish antiquity", 2006-2007.
Gorobets B.S. Krug Landau: Physics of war and peace. URSS, 2009. 272 p. ISBN 978-5-397-00065-9
Grashchenkov, N.I. How the life of Academician L.D. Landau was saved // Priroda. - 1963. - N 3. - S.106-108.
Grashchenkov, N.I. The miraculous victory of Soviet doctors [about the struggle for the life of the physicist L.D. Landau] // Ogonyok. - 1962. - N 30. - P. 30.
A long time ago... [L. D. Landau - one of the founders of the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Moscow] // Ogonyok. - 1996. - N 50. - S.22-26.
Danin, D. It was just that ... // Cinema Art. - 1973.- N 8. - S.85-87.
Danin, D. Partnership [about the struggle to save the life of L. D. Landau] / / Literary newspaper. - 1962. - July 21.
Zel'dovich, Ya. B. Encyclopedia of Theoretical Physics [to be awarded the Lenin Prize in 1962 to L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshits] // Priroda. - 1962. - N 7. - S.58-60.
Kaganov, M.I. Landau - as I knew him // Priroda. - 1971. - N 7. - S.83-87.
Kaganov, M.I. Landau school: what do I think about it. - Troitsk: Trovant, 1998. - 359 p.
Kassirsky, I. A. The triumph of heroic therapy // Health. - 1963. - N 1. - S.3-4.
Kravchenko, V. L. L. D. Landau - Nobel Prize Laureate // Science and Technology. - 1963. - N 2. - S.16-18.
Lev Davidovich Landau [on his fiftieth birthday] // Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. - 1958. - T.64, issue 3. - S.615-623.
Lenin Prize in 1962 in the field of physical sciences [for awarding the prize to L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshits] // Physics at school. - 1962. - N 3. - S.7-8.
Livanova, Anna. Landau. - M.: Knowledge, 1983.
Lifshits, E. M. Landau's Live Speech // Science and Life. - 1971. - N 9. - S.14-22.
Lifshits, E. M. History and explanations of superfluidity of liquid helium [on the 60th anniversary of Academician L. D. Landau] // Priroda. - 1968. - N 1. - S.73-81.
Lifshits, E. M. Lev Davidovich Landau //Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk. - 1969. - T.97, N 4. - S.169-186.
Masters of eloquence: [on the art of oratory by L. D. Landau]. - M.: Knowledge, 1991.
Scientific work of L. D. Landau: Collection. - M.: Knowledge, 1963.
Rolov, Bruno. Academician Landau // Science and technology. - 1968. - N 6. - S.16-20.
Rumer, Yu. Pages of memoirs about L. D. Landau // Science and Life. - 1974. - N 6. - S.99-101.
Tamm, I. E., Abrikosov, A. A., Khalatnikov, I. M. L. D. Landau - Nobel Prize Laureate in 1962 // Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - 1962. - N 12. - S.63-67.
Tsypenyuk, Y. Discovery of "Dry Water" [on the study of the properties of helium by P. L. Kapitsa and L. D. Landau] // Science and Life. - 1967. - N 3. - S.40-45.
Yu. I. Krivonosov, Landau and Sakharov in the developments of the KGB, Komsomolskaya Pravda. August 8, 1992.
Shalnikov A.I. Our Dau [for the award of the Nobel Prize to the Soviet physicist L.D. Landau] // Culture and life. - . - No. 1. - S. 20-23.
Shubnikov, L. V. Selected Works. Memories. - Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1990.
What A. A. Rukhadze writes about Landau's mistakes and decency
around Landau. Materials for the 100th anniversary of the birth of L. D. Landau. Part 1. Memories. Department of the History of Physical and Mathematical Sciences of the IIET RAS. 2008. 117 p. The collection includes memoirs about L. D. Landau, published in various electronic journals in the last decade.

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Landau, Lev Davidovich on the site "

Lev Davidovich Landau, often referred to as Dau (January 9 (22), 1908, Baku - April 1, 1968, Moscow) - an outstanding Soviet theoretical physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (elected in 1946). Laureate of the Nobel, Lenin and three Stalin Prizes, Hero of Socialist Labor. Member of the Royal Society of London and the academies of sciences of Denmark, the Netherlands, the USA, France, the London Physical Society.

“Dogs are scientists, and then after they have been taught. We are scientists!

Landau Lev Davidovich

A gold medal awarded since 1998 by the Department of Nuclear Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences is named after Landau. Also named after Landau is the Institute of Theoretical Physics. L. D. Landau RAS

Born in the family of oil engineer David Lvovich Landau and his wife Lyubov Veniaminovna in Baku on January 22, 1908. From 1916 he studied at the Baku Jewish gymnasium, where his mother, Lyubov Veniaminovna Landau (nee Garkavi) was a natural science teacher. Unusually gifted in mathematics, Landau jokingly said about himself: “I learned to integrate at the age of 13, but I always knew how to differentiate.”

At the age of fourteen he entered Baku University, where he studied simultaneously at two faculties: physics and mathematics and chemistry. For special successes he was transferred to Leningrad University. After graduating in 1927 from the Physics Department of the Leningrad University, Landau became a graduate student, and later an employee of the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology, in 1926-1927 he published the first works on theoretical physics. In 1929 he was on a scientific mission to continue his education in Germany, in Denmark with Niels Bohr, in England and Switzerland.

There he worked with leading theoretical physicists, including Niels Bohr, whom he considered his only teacher ever since. In 1932 he headed the theoretical department of the Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology in Kharkov. Since 1937 at the Institute of Physical Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Academician Landau (his close friends and colleagues called him Dau) is considered a legendary figure in the history of Russian and world science. Quantum mechanics, solid state physics, magnetism, low temperature physics, cosmic ray physics, hydrodynamics, quantum field theory, atomic nucleus and elementary particle physics, plasma physics - this is not a complete list of areas that attracted Landau's attention at different times. It was said about him that in "the huge building of physics of the 20th century there were no locked doors for him."

From 1932 to 1937 he worked at the UFTI; after his dismissal from Kharkov University and the ensuing strike of physicists, Landau in February 1937 accepted an invitation from Pyotr Kapitsa to take the position of head of the theoretical department of the newly built Institute for Physical Problems (IFP) and moved to Moscow.

Name: Lev Landau

Age: 60 years

Place of Birth: Baku, Azerbaijan

A place of death: Moscow

Activity: physicist

Family status: was married

Lev Landau - biography

On his 50th birthday, his colleagues presented Professor Lev Landau with “tablets” of marble, on which 10 of his most important formulas (“commandments”) were engraved. But the physicist had such not only in science, but also in life.

Childhood, the Landau family

The extraordinary mind of a genius often coexists with a complex, eccentric character. Lev Landau was no exception. He began to show his temper at an early age. One day his mother put him a cold thermometer. The boy began to whimper, and under pressure from the guests, she took the thermometer from him. He continued to sob. “But the thermometer is no longer worth it!” - “And I want him not to stand before!”

Education

At the gymnasium, Lev shone in mathematics, physics and chemistry, already at the age of 12 he was calculating integrals and differentials. But in literature and literature he was known as mediocrity. His essay on "Eugene Onegin" was distinguished by brevity: "Tatyana Larina was a very boring person ..."

Studying at Leningrad University in the 1920s was reminiscent of freemen: free access to lectures, choice of seminars, exams in agreement with the teacher. According to Landau, he went there two days a week to see friends and find out the news. It was there that I first heard about quantum physics. At that time, this was a new direction in physics, and Lev had to master the most complex conclusions of foreign colleagues from scientific journals. Since then, he has preferred fresh press: "Thick folios do not carry anything new, they are a cemetery in which the thoughts of the past are buried."

At Leningrad State University, for the first time, the nickname Dau stuck to him, which was awarded to him by fellow student Dmitry Ivanenko (Demus). Leo liked it. He himself jokingly explained that L "ane is French for "donkey", which means that the surname Landau is "Donkey Dau." Even after becoming a teacher, he told students: "My name is Dau, I hate it when they call me Lev Davidovich."

The shy young man experienced great discomfort from his timidity. And I decided to overcome my shortcoming. Walking along Nevsky Prospekt or the embankment, he approached people and asked strange questions: “Why do you wear a beard?” or “Why do you have a hat in the summer ?!” The pause was painful, but the student steadfastly endured the puzzled looks, and sometimes the anger of passers-by. Then he came up with another "task" - to walk along the Nevsky with a balloon tied to a hat.

Lev Landau - biography of personal life

In Kharkov, where the young physicist came to work after a foreign internship, he met Concordia Drobantseva. He himself called her Kora or affectionately - Korusha. Later, she recalled his words: “You see, Korusha, you were afraid that I would rape you, but it turned out that I myself was not capable of anything. Now I have to confess to you: you are the first girl I kissed for real on the lips. How I was afraid that you would see a green youth in me and drive me away. A shame! Kissing a girl for the first time at 26...

She was a beauty, and he ... Once they were seen together by some hard worker - a stately puffy Cora and a stooped shaggy Dau. "What a woman is wasted!" - the proletarian could not restrain himself ... However, the genius himself was critical of himself: "I do not have a physique, but body subtraction." The ladies liked him though.

“The foundation of our marriage will be personal freedom,” he said to the chosen one. For marriage is a "shop of petty trade." At the insistence of Leo, instead of an official marriage, they entered into a “non-aggression pact in married life,” which allowed both novels on the side. Among its provisions were the following: “Marriage is a cooperative that has nothing to do with love” and “Lovers are forbidden to be jealous and lie to each other.” If Kora still showed jealousy and discontent, Leo fined her. The fine was withdrawn from those 60% of the earnings that he gave her. And the remaining 40% he sent to his personal "Foundation for helping henpecked men who want to fornicate." That is, spent on mistresses.

Cora protested, but to no avail. “Crust,” Lev told her. - You understand, I love you alone, but I will definitely have mistresses! Please don't bother me..." Cora tried to tolerate his eccentricities. But up to a certain limit. One day, Leo told her that a girl would come to him in the evening and, in order not to embarrass her, Kora should hide in the closet. Cora did not scandalize, but when a stranger appeared in the apartment, she left the closet and upset the date.

Over time, Concordia began to talk like a husband. “Can you imagine what a disgrace! she complained to her sister. - The girl made an appointment with Daunka, but she herself did not come. He stood for two hours in the cold, almost caught pneumonia! And yet, on the eve of the birth of their son, in 1946, Landau officially married Kora.

The science

As much as Landau disliked women, he loved science even more. He could pore over the task for days on end, forgetting about sleep and food. Sometimes even the ringing of the phone did not reach his consciousness. I made most of the calculations in my head, writing down the intermediate results on pieces of paper. One day, his physicist friend Lifshitz boasted of a new leather briefcase and offered to get the same one.

No, Zhenya, I don’t go to the bathhouse, - Dau answered.

Why to the bath? This is a briefcase for papers... Lectures. Magazines.

I have no papers... Everyone is here! Leo tapped his forehead.

Already being a world luminary, Landau almost stopped reading scientific journals. Everything interesting was brought to him by his students, and if the information turned out to be worthy, he would certainly check it with his own calculations. In moments of rest, he could sit at card solitaire: “This is not for you to do physics. This is where you need to think."

Meanwhile, Landau was helpless in everyday life. Once Cora instructed him to buy meat coupons. The professor stood in line and then heard that they had brought mutton. Whether the mutton was meat, he did not know and asked the neighbors. They waved it off: “What kind of meat is this?! Yes, the name is the same. Frustrated, Leo went home. The cards had to be thrown away.

The sense of humor of the genius was also peculiar. He classified women and colleagues from the first, upper class to the fifth, lower, and seriously spoke about this to those around him. In the scientific community, it was not immediately, but they got used to his statements and began to add a saying: “So said Dau.”

Landau's theory of happiness

In addition to scientific theories, Landau was the author of another one - the theory of happiness. The physicist was sure that every person must be happy. He once admitted to his niece that he wanted to commit suicide as a teenager, but Stendhal's novel Red and Black saved him. From him, Leo took out the main thing: “A person can build his own destiny. A person must strive for happiness and be happy!” “People stubbornly refuse to understand that happiness is within us.

Everyone likes to complicate everything, but I, on the contrary, always strive for simplicity, - the academician explained. - Do not confuse the concepts of "difficult" and "difficult". We must learn to think, moreover, to rule over our thoughts. Then there will be no empty fears and anxieties. And he considered boredom to be the worst sin: “The Last Judgment will come. The Lord God will call and ask: "Why didn't you enjoy all the blessings of life? Why did you get bored?"

Landau's death

The triumph of the scientist was cut short by a tragic accident. On the morning of January 7, 1962, Dau was driving with a driver from Moscow to Dubna. The Dmitrov highway was icy, and the academician's Volga was swept into the oncoming lane. Landau suffered a severe head injury, which doctors classified as "incompatible with life." He was saved for six long years by the entire scientific world. Colleagues who traveled abroad tried to bring imported medicines for Dau. He went on the mend, but he could no longer engage in science, although sometimes he even attended scientific councils and seminars. In March 1968, Lev Davidovich underwent an operation on the intestines, and a few days later he died due to a detached blood clot.

Lev Landau- of those who are perfectly described by the saying "of the young, but early." He was born on January 22, 1908 in Baku. Then, at the beginning of the 20th century, Baku grew by leaps and bounds. Rather, on oil - at the end of the 19th century. This is where the real oil boom broke out. Lev's father David Landau was a famous oil engineer in the city. Mother Lyubov Harkavy-Landau even by today's standards, she would be perceived as an incredibly advanced person - she graduated from the Mogilev Women's Gymnasium, then the Eleninsky Midwifery Institute and, as a final chord, the Women's Medical Institute in St. Petersburg. The spouses were also actively engaged in scientific activities, published articles. So Leo simply had no other way but the scientific one. He finished school in Baku at the age of 13. At the family council, it was decided that it was too early for him to enter a serious educational institution - let him study at the Baku Economic College for now. The lion did not argue. But at the age of 14, he nevertheless entered Baku University, and two years later, in 1924, he transferred to Leningrad University to study physics. By the age of 19, he had already published four scientific papers.

The young scientist plunges headlong into the then newest field of science - quantum mechanics. Despite the fact that the country was already slowly “freezing”, Leo was allowed to travel abroad regularly, meet with outstanding scientists of that time, and work at universities in England, Germany, and Switzerland. Soon he is already in the top ten theoretical physicists of the world. Kharkov, where Landau moves to head the departments of Kharkov University, is becoming almost the scientific capital of Soviet theoretical physics.

In 1937, at the invitation Peter Kapitsa he goes to Moscow to head the newly created Institute of Physical Problems. But instead of the problems of physics, he will have to solve a much more serious problem - how to stay alive after falling into the millstones of the NKVD. Landau, whose friends included almost all the physicists of the world, is accused of anti-Soviet agitation. He spent a year in prison. He was tortured. He was starving. The same Kapitsa saved him from death, reaching out to the highest Kremlin offices. He was carried out of prison in his arms.

Next time, a whole team of luminaries of world medicine will save him from death. In 1962, Landau got into a severe car accident. For six weeks he was between life and death. For six weeks, doctors from Canada, France, Czechoslovakia, and the USSR were on duty over him. Pulled out. Although for another three months, Dau (as his relatives called him) did not even recognize family members. A severe injury did not allow him to survive the moment of the greatest triumph - in 1962 he could not go to Stockholm to receive the Nobel Prize awarded to him for "fundamental theories of the condensation of matter, especially liquid helium." He will live another 6 years, but will never return to work. Apparently, by that time he had already chosen all the insights granted to him by God.

Academician Lev Landau with his son Igor. 1962 Photo: RIA Novosti

"Sunny Man"

In addition to the reputation of a brilliant physicist, Landau also had a strong reputation as a womanizer. He spoke about it publicly wife of Concordia Drobantsov, which everyone usually called Kora. Or rather, she didn’t tell, but described it in the book “How We Lived”. For a long time this book existed in the form of samizdat. And many reputable academicians tried to destroy it - they were so outraged by what was described there. “I am the wife of the great twentieth-century physicist Lev Landau,” wrote Concordia. “Our story is similar to the stories of many families during the era of the sexual revolution. The only difference is that Landau is a genius.

For 10 years now I have been writing about that happy and dramatic fate. I am writing only the truth, the only truth, I am writing for myself and I do not have the slightest hope that someday this will see the light of day. Dow was a sunny person. But after his death, he left too many mysteries and secrets. In order to unravel the most complicated tangle of our life, we had to get into obscene trifles, into the intimate aspects of our life, hidden from prying eyes and concealing so much abomination. But also charms.

According to Kora, Landau did not tolerate chaos either in science or in love. He had his own system for classifying beauties (Scientist! Theorist!). All women were divided into beautiful, pretty and interesting. There were two more classes: 4 - "Reprimand to parents" and 5 - "For repetition - execution." He could throw out two or four fingers, showing the class of a woman. He mastered all his women according to the schedule. When he had a new lover, she was given a certain day and hour, and no one could break this schedule.

He called himself a handsome man. It was important for him that the woman was good-looking and with a divine figure. The creators of the film “My Husband is a Genius” about Lev Landau say that when the scientist went for a walk around the dacha village, he carefully examined all the women he met. First of all, I looked at the figure. And it was such a sight! It was a look that not only promised a lot to the woman, but seemed to lift her off the ground.

Lev Landau with his wife Concordia in the hospital. Photocopy. 1962 Photo: RIA Novosti

In a narrow circle of acquaintances, he boasted that not a single woman left him dissatisfied. And he, who had the brightest charisma, was really idolized by ladies of all ages. Rumor has it that Landau had five bright novels. All of them took place in front of Cora - after all, in 1934, when they first met, Dau forced the beautiful Cora to conclude a “non-aggression pact in married life”, which, according to his idea, gave both spouses freedom to romance on the side. That's just enjoyed this freedom only he alone. And in letters to Kora he could write: “My God, I like Hera! She demands to be looked after. And you know, Korochka, how I don't like it. It's too long!" He did not understand why all these courtship, beautiful words, poems? If people are interested in each other, why waste time?

He knew his first woman quite late - at the age of 27, and it was the same Cora. She was also there in his last hours on this earth.

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