Territories in the southwestern part of the city. In the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean Included in the southwestern part

Southwest Russia- this part Russian Federation much less visited by tourists than. But for the Russians themselves, the region is extremely important - both historically and economically.

Southwest Russia- these are important industrial cities, only 30 km from the coast of the Azov Sea. The biggest attraction, however, is the former Stalingrad - which is described in history books as the site of one of the biggest battles of World War II. In memory of the soldiers who died in battles with the German army in the 60s, a monument to the Motherland was erected on the Mamayev Kurgan - a statue that is almost twice as tall as the Statue of Liberty of the United States.

The southern border of the region, which is also the border of the country, extends to the Caucasus Mountains with the majestic Elbrus. In turn, in the Volga District of Russia, there are mainly large industrial centers such as Ufa, Perm and Kazan.

Regions

Southern District- a region in southwestern Russia, located on the European continent and stretching south to the border with Georgia, between the shores of the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.

Volga Federal District- stretches from the Volgograd region to the east, to the borders of the Urals. It is the only region of southeastern Russia that still lies on the European continent.

Resorts and attractions of South-West Russia

The most interesting tourist attractions: Mamayev Kurgan, Elbrus, Teberdinski National Park,.

The most popular tourist centers: Southern District.

Geography and nature

The South-West region of Russia is located in the European part of Russia, with a very diverse landscape and nature - it has access not only to three large water bodies, but also to the high mountain ranges of the Caucasus and the Urals. The largest and longest river in Europe, the Volga, flows here.

Most of the region extends only along it, so the area is rich in water reservoirs and river tributaries. In the Volgograd region, the landscape of the steppe dominates, partially covered with taiga. This area is rich in rivers and lakes, which are a haven for fishermen and hunters. Temperatures in the zone range from -12 degrees in winter and 20 degrees in summer. On the other hand, on the border with Georgia, the lowland steppes slowly and gently pass mountain landscapes. A high peak, beautiful valleys with unique vegetation, clean rivers and waterfalls, numerous mineral springs, clean air only in the South Caucasus region.

This part of Russia is surrounded by three seas: the Caspian, Black and Azov. There are also several mineral deposits, that is, oil, natural gas, coal.

Story

In ancient times, the Scythians moved on these lands, and then the Greeks founded their colonies on the Russian coast of the Azov Sea and the Black Sea (for example, Tanais or Hermonass). In the following centuries, the colonies were united into the Bosporan Kingdom, which later became the first branch of the Roman Empire and then Byzantium. Here, too, was the so-called Great Bulgaria. This area is of great importance for the city of Volgograd, formerly known as Stalingrad - the site of one of the most important battles of the Second World War.

Sports and recreation

Fishing is a particularly popular sport in Russia, and the Caspian Sea creates the best conditions for this.

All water sports like surfing, sailing and diving (Caspian, Black and Azov) are very popular in this region of Southwest Russia.

Hikers, hikers and mountaineers should follow the trails in the Caucasus and Ural mountains.

This term has other meanings, see Southwest (disambiguation). South West ZAO "South West" Country ... Wikipedia

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Moscow. I. General information... The population of Moscow is the capital of the USSR and the RSFSR, the center of the Moscow region. The largest in the country and one of the world's most important political, scientific, industrial and cultural centers, the city is a hero. M. is one of the largest in number ...

STC "TV Channel" Russia "TPO Moscow 24 ... Wikipedia

The capital of the USSR and the RSFSR, the largest transport node, port, the main political, scientific, cultural and industrial center of the USSR. Mentioned in chronicles since 1147. The most ancient part of Moscow is the Kremlin ensemble (see the Moscow Kremlin) with ... ... Art encyclopedia

Map 1. Lithuanian Russian state after Vitovt's death in 1430. "Southwestern Russian lands" (or "Southwestern Russia") is a term that has a different meaning depending on the historical period described. During the times of Kievan Rus (X XII ... ... Wikipedia

Coordinates: 55 ° 39'49 ″ s. sh. 37 ° 28'58 ″ in. d. / 55.663611 ° N sh. 37.482778 ° E d ... Wikipedia

I Moscow river in the Moscow region and partly in the Smolensk region of the RSFSR, the left tributary of the Oka (Volga basin). Length 502 km, basin area 17 600 km2. It originates from the Moscow Upland. Snow (61%), ground (27%) and rain feed ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Coordinates: 55 ° 39'49 ″ s. w ... Wikipedia

TV channel “Moscow. Trust "JSC" GTK "TV Stolitsa" ... Wikipedia

Books

• Eduard Bagritsky. Poems and poems, Eduard Bagritsky. The book by Eduard Bagritsky "Poems and Poems" includes three main collections of the poet's works that appeared during his lifetime and, together with the libretto of the opera "Duma about Opanas", were included in the composition ...
• Obsidian Butterfly, Laurel Hamilton. These are the adventures of Anita Blake. Adventures of a desperate hunter for the "people of Darkness" - vampires, werewolves, zombies and black magicians. Huntresses for "night hunters" who violated the law. Huntresses ...

In the past, there were many ravines, hollows and gullies on the territory of the Okrug, which were almost closed by their upper reaches. Their occurrence was favored by high altitude and easily eroded soils. Particularly relief was the area in the north of the district, near the deep valley of the Moskva River. The depth of the ravines here reached more than 30 meters. Now most of them are filled up and built up. But, basically, the landscape has been preserved here as our ancestors saw it many hundreds of years ago. Unless the forests have become smaller, and small rivers, of which there were a great many, have disappeared from the face of the earth. Well, and of course, new micro-districts have appeared here, built up over the course of one or two decades on the site of squalid village houses. Despite all this, blown by the winds and surrounded by forest parks, the South-West is considered one of the cleanest districts of the capital.

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Many thousands of years ago, these places were completely occupied by forests. After the climate warmed, these forests began to be populated by farmers, gradually settling into arable land and settlements. In selected forest areas, trees were cut down, allowed to dry on the spot, and then burned. The fire freed the area from vegetation and worked the land; besides, the ash was a good fertilizer. The natural fertility of the soil did not matter.

Such a site was enough for two or three years, then the land was depleted, and it was abandoned. As a result, there are almost no primary forests in the Moscow Territory, as well as scorched lands suitable for arable land. Therefore, about two thousand years ago, more fertile soils began to be selected for plowing. The selected areas were carefully cleared from the forest. First, they burned out, and then uprooted the stumps. And this is a very laborious job. Therefore, such lands were valued and used for a long time. The plots were small and located on the slopes of the slopes of river valleys. The places were not chosen by chance: in the spring such soils dry out quickly, warm up, and before the "cold" low-lying lands are ready for sowing. The difference in terms of "ripening" between such "cold" and "warm" soils of the Teplostan Upland is up to three to four weeks. This is very important for the harsh conditions of the Moscow region, because the sun's heat is barely enough for the ripening of the crop. And sharp temperature changes, especially severe winter frosts, are not as pronounced here as in the rest of the lower part of the capital: it is warmer here, cold air masses do not stagnate and the territory is well ventilated. At the same time, in dry years, a sufficient amount of moisture was retained on such arable land.

The Slavs who came here about two thousand years ago, who were mainly farmers, singled out these lands as the most fertile in comparison with the coniferous forests of the left bank of the Moskva River. They brought with them new, more sophisticated tools. Instead of bulls, the new owners of these lands use horses as a draft force. Winter rye appears among cultivated plants. For the first time, a three-field field is being developed here (one field under spring crops, the second under winter crops, the third under fallow - free). The most fertile lands are selected for arable land - all this frees the peasants from "attachment" to the river valleys and allows them to develop the interfluves, which form the basis of the territories of the Southwestern District.

Intensive uprooting of forests led to the fact that in the upper parts of the slopes, the soil began to wash away, and in the lower parts and at the foot of the slopes - to wash out. It is possible that even then ravines began to grow actively. Although back in the X-XII centuries, most of the territory of the district was under the forest. During the period of rapid population growth in the immediate vicinity of Moscow, the forest is gradually beginning to lose ground. And only to XVII century plowed and populated land became absolutely predominant in the South-West.

Forest parks

Despite such rapid destruction of forests and the use of land for arable land, this area can rightfully be called the greenest in Moscow. Our district is surrounded by a whole necklace of parks. Bitsevsky from the north-east, Yasenevsky and Olympic parks from the south, smoothly flowing into Teplostansky and Troparevsky from the south-west, the relatively small Vorontsovsky and Park of the 50th anniversary of October from the west and even from the north, from the center, there are the forest complex of Vorobyovy Gory and Boring Garden.

The largest and most famous among them is, of course, the Bitsevsky forest park - a natural monument of urban significance, because of which the Southwest is called the "lungs of the capital". The territory of the park is distinguished by the greatest antiquity of the relief and is therefore a specially protected natural area.

Olympic and Yasenevsky parks, located to the south, are part of the natural park "Bitsevsky Forest", and together they make up the second largest natural area Moscow after Losiny Ostrov.

On the territory of the Olympic Park, there are several natural monuments: Here originate the Chertanovka River, flowing along the bottom of a deep ravine, and Dubinskaya, whose valley is one of the least disturbed river valleys in Moscow. There are fontanelles with good drinking water... Here is the Uzkoye estate, one of the few that has been almost completely preserved not only in the district, but throughout Moscow.

In the depths of the park, there is the largest dry meadow in the capital - Lysaya Gora, where some species of rare herbaceous plants grow. And only in this corner of the capital there have been preserved real aspen forests at the age of 55-60 years. On the territory of the park there is a large equestrian sports complex and a cynological center, the Paleontological Museum.

Yasenevsky forest park is located a little to the south, in the deeply cut valleys of the Bitsa and partly Gorodnya rivers. Here are two of the best-preserved estates in the South-West: Yasenevo - the oldest estate in the district - and the estate of the Trubetskoy Znamenskie Sadki - called the "literary nest". And the very valley of the small river Bitsa (Abitsy, as it is called on old maps), a tributary of the Pakhra, is a natural monument.

It is here that the only spruce forest in Moscow, preserved since 1904, is located. For comparison - average age trees of this, and other parks in the south of Moscow is "only" 60 years old. The most venerable of the Ash trees are represented by a hundred-year-old high-stemmed and eighty-three-year-old coppice low-stemmed oaks. And in the vicinity of the estate Znamenskoye-Sadki grows a real "drill" pine forest. Not far from the Yasenevo estate there is a spring with the purest drinking water, which is very popular with the residents of Yasenevo and neighboring Chertanovo. Here, as well as throughout the territory of the district, ancient burial mounds have been preserved.

A walk along the Gorodnya river with its steep slopes teeming with rare plants, including medicinal, decorative, fodder, honey plants, can be no less interesting.

The name Troparevsky Park is no less well-known in Moscow. Although here it is necessary to clarify the following. The old-fashioned Troparevsky is usually called the Teply Stan landscape reserve (this is its official name), on the territory of which the Troparevo recreation area is located. Indeed, earlier this entire forest area was called Troparevsky, as it belonged to the village of Troparev. Now what is called the Troparevsky forest park is located a little to the west, along the Moscow Ring Road, between the Vostryakovsky cemetery, Ozernaya Street and Leninsky Prospekt. In the northeast, the forest park turns into a park founded in 1961 on the site of the gardens of the Novodevichy Monastery, which owned the village of Troparevo. A small river flows through the forest and park along a deeply cut valley, where there is a spring, which flows into the river. Ochakovka.

Now Teplostansky forest park is a territory located east of Troparevsky, between the 9th microdistrict (Bakuleva street), and the rest of Teply Stan. On the southwestern outskirts of the Teplostansky forest park, almost at the Tyoply Stan metro station, there is the source of the Ochakovka river, which crosses the park, receiving several tributaries flowing along numerous deeply cut beams. A large pond was created on the river, on the banks of which the Troparevo recreation area was created. In the northeastern part of the forest park, meadows have been preserved over large areas. Here, on the very outskirts of the forest, not far from the old Kaluga road, there is a spring, according to legend, consecrated by Sergius of Radonezh himself. A chapel is built over the spring, which is now depicted on the coat of arms of Teply Stan. On hot days, and not only, residents of neighboring neighborhoods line up with holy spring water.

Modernity

Of course, not much remains of the former dense forests. Nevertheless, much has been preserved. Indeed, until the beginning of the mass development of these lands in the 1950s-1960s, there was practically no industrial growth; the only one took place here - Paveletskaya - Railway... And therefore, the surrounding places retained a rural lifestyle even decades after the October Revolution.

The first urban residential buildings on the territory of the then Leninsky District of the Moscow Region appeared already in the late 1940s. It was at this time that the development of the southwestern territories along the Kaluga road began. Two-story houses, usual for the city outskirts, were built. Some of them have survived to this day at the Akademicheskaya metro station, on Profsoyuznaya, Dmitry Ulyanov and some others streets. Thus, Moscow stepped over its borders and began to settle in the Southwestern lands, while still settling down on inconveniences, next to villages. In retrospect, after the start of construction, this small area was officially included in the Oktyabrsky district of the capital. Beginning in 1950, taller buildings began to be erected in the area of ​​the modern metro stations "Akademicheskaya" and "Profsoyuznaya".

In the Southwest Pacific

The next operation of the fast aircraft carriers was a series of attacks on Japanese airfields in the Caroline Islands to eliminate any attempt to resist the landing at the port of Hollandia in New Guinea, located 700 miles south of the archipelago. In this operation, Lexington again entered the battle. He completed repairs to torpedo damage on the Gilbert Islands. An aircraft carrier en route to the South Pacific, along with 2 fast battleships and 4 destroyers, attacked Miley Atoll in the Marshall Islands on March 18. It was a good training session for Lexington and the rest of the ships, but the Japanese fought back and the battleship Iowa was hit by a 2 - 152 mm round.

Following Mile's attack, Lexington joined Task Force 58 at a forward base in Majuro Lagoon. On March 22, Task Force 58 departed from Majuro under the command of the now Vice Admiral Mitcher. He headed for the Palau Islands, located in the western part of the Caroline Islands. Mitcher had 11 carriers with strong cover. After the American carrier raid on Truk, part of the United Fleet's forces were based on Palau. It was this, as well as the American landing in Hollandia, that forced the American aircraft carriers to go west much further than they had previously done. With heavy fighting expected, the carriers had 6 fast battleships and many more cruisers and destroyers as cover than ever before. Several groups of tankers with cover ships were deployed at sea to refuel the ships of Task Force 58.

Japanese aircraft found the American fleet 3 days after leaving, and at night several torpedo bombers attacked it. Not a single American ship was damaged, but some of the enemy aircraft were shot down. While carrier fighters were clearing the airspace over Palau, 3 squadrons of torpedo bombers placed 78 mines on the approaches to the main harbor. (This was the first time an aircraft carrier had planted mines.) 36 Japanese ships in Palau harbor were sunk by American dive bombers and torpedo bombers. An old destroyer and a repair ship outside the harbor were also destroyed. In just a day and a half of air attacks, 2 old destroyers, 4 submarine hunters, two dozen merchant ships were sunk. 157 Japanese aircraft were destroyed in the air and on the ground. American losses totaled 25 aircraft. Carrier planes also attacked the nearby islands of Yap and Voleai, but found few targets worthy of attention there. Low clouds helped Task Force 58 avoid enemy detection when returning to Majuro after the Palau attack.

The Japanese United Fleet left Palau on the eve of the attack, fearing just such a raid. However, the strike achieved its goal, reducing resistance to Allied amphibious operations in New Guinea. Task Force 58 then took over the direct support of the US Army landing. On 13 April, Vice Admiral Mitcher withdrew 5 squadron and 7 light aircraft carriers from Majuro: Task Force 58.2 - Bunker Hill, Yorktown, Cabot and Monterey; Task Force 58.3 - Enterprise, Lexington, Langley and Princeton; Task Force 58.1 - Hornet, Belleau Wood, Cowpenes and Bataan (CVL-29), for whom this was their first combat mission. Starting April 21, for 4 days, Task Force 58 aircraft bombed and escort ships fired at Japanese bases in the New Guinea area. Army bombers had already inflicted a series of heavy blows on the Japanese, so not a single fighter went up to meet the carrier planes. Only a few planes occasionally tried to attack aircraft carriers, but they were easily driven away, and more often shot down. Japanese anti-aircraft fire and operational losses cost Mitcher 21 aircraft and 12 pilots who died in those 4 days. Direct support of troops and PLO troop transports was provided by 8 escort aircraft carriers: "Shenango", "Coral Sea", "Corregidor", "Manila Bay", "Netoma Bay", "Sengamon", "Senti", "Swoni".

On their return to Majuro, the ships of Task Force 58 struck again at Truk. In 2 days, carrier aircraft destroyed 59 Japanese aircraft in the air and 34 on the ground. The Americans lost 27 aircraft in battles and 9 in accidents. Again, most of the downed pilots were rescued by seaplanes from cruisers and battleships. Submarines deployed around the atoll in advance also took part in the rescue work. The submarine "Teng" was especially distinguished by rescuing 22 people, including the crew of a seaplane that capsized on a strong wave.

Aircraft from the light aircraft carrier Monterey and 2 destroyers sank a Japanese submarine. In addition, several small ships were sunk on Truk.

After Truk's attack, the fast aircraft carriers were given 6 weeks of rest, at least most of them. For the first 2 months of 1944, the old Saratoga operated in the center of the Pacific Ocean as part of Task Force 58. After that, the Saratoga separated from Mitcher's armada and headed to Australia together with 3 destroyers. 4 ships circled the Australian continent and arrived in Perth on March 20. After a one-day stay, they went out into the Indian Ocean. There, on March 27, the Saratoga and her destroyers met with Sir James Somerville's British Eastern Fleet. On March 31, the Saratoga with escort ships arrived in Trincomalee.

During the first 4.5 years of the war, the British used their aircraft carriers exclusively as defensive weapons. They supported the actions of the troops on the coast, hunted for submarines, covered the most important convoys. Even the attack by the Italian fleet in Taranto was a strategically defensive attempt to create favorable conditions for British ships operating in the Mediterranean. Now, at last, the British carrier fleet has gone on the offensive. The Eastern Fleet had only one aircraft carrier, the Illastries. For various reasons, both political and military, the Allied High Command wanted the British to launch offensive operations against the Japanese. Therefore, "Saratoga" and was transferred to the Eastern Fleet.

Before starting active operations, "Illastries" had to carry out long intensive training. Although the British aircraft carrier performed excellently in the Mediterranean, this was not enough for the Pacific. Its air group (about 50 aircraft) was very small by American criteria. It consisted of F4U Corsair fighters and Barracuda bombers. The Saratoga fighter squadrons flew Corsairs before transferring to the F6F Hellcats, so the Saratoga pilots worked well with the British. However, the Barracuda was a poor partner for the American bomber squadrons flying SBD Dountless and TVM Avengers (an improved version of the TBF). The Barracuda plane not only looked awkward, it was awkward. When the first Barracuda boarded the Saratoga, one American officer involuntarily exclaimed, “My God! Limes will start building planes soon! "

Training of the two aircraft carriers continued until mid-April 1944. Finally, on April 16, Admiral Somerville brought his Task Force 70 to sea. It was probably the most international formation in history. St. George's flag, except for Illastries, was flown on 2 battleships, 1 battle cruiser, 4 cruisers and 7 destroyers. The compound consisted of 1 French battleship, a Dutch light cruiser and destroyer, a New Zealand light cruiser, and 4 Australian destroyers. Saratoga and 3 destroyers carried Stars and Stripes. In total, under the command of Somerville were 27 ships of 6 nations.

Task Force 70 was to strike at the port of Sabang on the northwestern tip of Sumatra. The port had excellent docks and a large oil storage facility. He was a key link in the fuel supply system of the Japanese fleet and aviation. Before dawn on April 19, Task Force 70 arrived at the take-off point 115 miles from Sabang. At 5.30 am, aircraft carriers began to lift their planes. 13 Corsairs took off from Illastries, 24 Hellcat from Saratoga. Then the bombers started: 17 Barracudas, 18 Downless, 11 Avengers. At about 7.00, these 83 aircraft were over the target. The Japanese were taken by surprise, and the bombings were their first warning of an attack. 8 Hellcats flew over Sumatra to bombard the discovered airfields and destroyed 3 Japanese aircraft on the ground. Another 21 aircraft were destroyed at the Sabang airfield. More importantly, the planes destroyed 3 of the 4 large oil tanks and severely damaged the docks. There were very few ships in the harbor, but one small transport was sunk by bombs, and the other was washed ashore. The only loss of the allies was the shot down fighter from the Saratoga. The pilot jumped out of the burning plane with a parachute and sank into the sea. The rest of the Hellcats remained behind to cover it from the air, and several planes flew in search of a British submarine dedicated to rescue operations. The submarine's radio operated at a different frequency than the radio of the fighters, so the pilots directed the submarine towards the downed pilot, signaling it with their hands. When she approached the inflatable raft, she was fired upon by the Japanese coastal batteries. However, the fighters quickly silenced them with machine-gun fire, and the submarine picked up the pilot.

The only Japanese attempt to counteract the raid was weak anti-aircraft fire. During day 3, the Keits attempted to attack the carriers, but were quickly destroyed by the Air Patrol's Hellcats.

Saratoga had already received orders to return to the United States, but the attack was so successful that the US Navy's chief of staff suggested another raid along the way.

Multinational Task Force 70 went to sea again. In the time since Sabang's attack, one important change has taken place. Illastries replaced their Barracudas with American-built TBF Avengers.

This time, the target of the operation was Surabaya, located on the northeastern coast of Java. Again, the compound approached the take-off point, unnoticed by the Japanese. On May 17 at 6:30, when the ships were 130 miles from Surabaya (and 90 miles off the southern coast of Java), 40 Hellcats and Corsairs, as well as 45 Avengers and Downtlesss, took off from aircraft carriers. The main target of the raid was the only oil refinery in Java. It was also planned to attack an engineering plant that produced aircraft parts and port facilities. Again, the raid was a success. All targets were seriously damaged, and there was no resistance in the air. The attackers lost 1 Avenger from Saratogi (3 crew members were captured by the Japanese). 2 Japanese aircraft were shot down in the air and 21 were destroyed on the ground. 1 small merchant ship was sunk.

Task Force 70 took in all of its aircraft, except for the ill-fated VM, and walked away without hindrance. The next day Saratoga and 3 escort destroyers parted with the allies and headed for Pearl Harbor. The Eastern Fleet returned to Ceylon.

Two raids of Saratoga and Illastries woke up the Japanese, who were peacefully dozing in the East Indies. A blow was dealt to Japan's oil supply system. At the same time, these attacks distracted the enemy's attention from the central part of the Pacific Ocean, where a new campaign began - on the Mariana Islands.

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From the Central Pacific Ocean to the Philippines By the middle of 1944, the war in the Pacific Ocean had a turning point: the Americans captured many strong points of the Japanese defense perimeter and were preparing to land in the Philippines. Allied submarines staged a real beating

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Recent victories in the Southwest Pacific By the end of 1943, the Aircobra units based in New Guinea received other types of fighters. In the last quarter of 1943, the Aircobras were replaced by Lightning squadrons of the 13th Air Army. Before Christmas

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2.3. Operation to seize islands in the central part of the Pacific Ocean. In the opinion of the Japanese command, the capture of these islands was of strategic importance, since the airfields available on them allowed the American Air Force to strike at the KOH that went from the Metropolis to