Measurement of gamma background. Measurement of gamma background in places of residence of the population of rural and urban settlements in the southwestern districts of the Bryansk region Measurement of gamma background in an open area

Gamma radiation is a rather serious danger for the human body, and for all living things in general.

it electromagnetic waves with very short length and high propagation speed.

Why are they so dangerous, and how can you protect yourself from their effects?

About gamma radiation

Everyone knows that the atoms of all substances contain a nucleus and electrons that revolve around it. As a rule, the nucleus is a fairly persistent formation that is difficult to damage.

In this case, there are substances whose nuclei are unstable, and with some influence on them, the radiation of their components occurs. Such a process is called radioactive, it has certain components, named after the first letters of the Greek alphabet:

• gamma radiation.

It should be noted that the radiation process is divided into two types, depending on what exactly is released as a result.

Views:

1. Particle-emitting ray flux - alpha, beta and neutron;
2. Energy radiation - X-ray and gamma.

Gamma radiation is a flow of energy in the form of photons. The process of separation of atoms under the influence of radiation is accompanied by the formation of new substances. In this case, the atoms of the newly formed product have a rather unstable state. Gradually, with the interaction of elementary particles, equilibrium is restored. As a result, excess energy is emitted in the form of a gamma.

The penetrating power of such a beam of rays is very high. It is able to penetrate the skin, tissues, clothing. Penetration through metal will be more difficult. To trap such rays, a fairly thick wall of steel or concrete is needed. However, the wavelength of γ-radiation is very small and is less than 2 · 10 −10 m, and its frequency is in the range of 3 * 1019 - 3 * 1021 Hz.

Gamma particles are photons with a fairly high energy. The researchers claim that the energy of gamma radiation can exceed 10 5 eV. Moreover, the boundary between X-rays and γ-rays is far from sharp.

Sources:

• Various processes in outer space,
• Particle decay in the process of experiments and research,
• The transition of the nucleus of an element from a state with high energy to a state of rest or with less energy,
• The process of deceleration of charged particles in a medium or their movement in a magnetic field.

Gamma radiation was discovered by the French physicist Paul Villard in 1900 while researching radium radiation.

Why is gamma radiation dangerous?

Gamma radiation is more dangerous than alpha and beta.

Mechanism of action:

• Gamma rays are able to penetrate through the skin into living cells, resulting in their damage and further destruction.
• Damaged molecules provoke the ionization of new particles of the same kind.
• As a result, there is a change in the structure of the substance. In this case, the affected particles begin to decompose and turn into toxic substances.
• As a result, new cells are formed, but they are already with a certain defect and therefore cannot fully work.

Gamma radiation is dangerous because such interaction of a person with rays is not felt by him in any way. The fact is that every organ and system of the human body reacts differently to γ-rays. First of all, cells that can divide quickly are affected.

Systems:

• Lymphatic,
• Heart,
• Digestive,
• Hematopoietic,
• Sexual.

It also has a negative impact on the genetic level. In addition, such radiation tends to accumulate in the human body. At the same time, at first, it practically does not appear.

Where is gamma radiation used?

Despite the negative impact, scientists have found positive aspects. Currently, such rays are used in various spheres of life.

Gamma radiation - applications:

• In geological studies, they are used to determine the length of the wells.
• Sterilization of various medical instruments.
• Used to monitor the internal state of various things.
• Accurate modeling of the path of spacecraft.
• In plant growing, it is used to develop new varieties of plants from those that mutate under the influence of rays.

Radiation of gamma particles has found its application in medicine. It is used in the treatment of cancer patients. This method is called "radiation therapy" and is based on the effect of rays on rapidly dividing cells. As a result, when used correctly, it becomes possible to reduce the development of abnormal tumor cells. However, this method is usually used when others are already powerless.

Separately, it should be said about its effect on the human brain.

Modern research has established that the brain constantly emits electrical impulses. Scientists believe that gamma radiation occurs when a person has to work with different information at the same time. Moreover, a small number of such waves leads to a decrease in the memory ability.

How to protect yourself from gamma radiation

What kind of protection exists, and what can be done to protect oneself from these harmful rays?

V modern world man is surrounded by various radiations from all sides. However, gamma particles from space have minimal impact. But what is around is a much greater danger. This is especially true for people working at various nuclear power plants. In this case, protection against gamma radiation consists in the application of certain measures.

Measures:

• Do not stay in places with such radiation for a long time. The longer a person is under the influence of these rays, the more destruction will occur in the body.
• Do not stay where radiation sources are located.
• Protective clothing must be worn. It contains rubber, plastic filled with lead and its compounds.

It should be noted that the attenuation coefficient of gamma radiation depends on what material the protective barrier is made of. For example, lead is considered the best metal due to its ability to absorb large quantities of radiation. However, it melts at rather low temperatures, so in some conditions a more expensive metal is used, such as tungsten or tantalum.

Another way to be on the safe side is to measure the gamma power in watts. In addition, power is also measured in sieverts and x-rays.

The gamma radiation rate should not exceed 0.5 microsievert per hour. However, it is better if this figure does not exceed 0.2 microsievert per hour.

To measure gamma radiation, a special device is used - a dosimeter. There are quite a few such devices. A device such as the “dosimeter of gamma radiation dkg 07d thrush” is often used. It is designed for prompt and high-quality measurement of gamma and X-ray radiation.

Such a device has two independent channels that can measure DER and Dosage Equivalent. DER of gamma radiation is the equivalent dosage power, that is, the amount of energy absorbed by a substance per unit of time, taking into account the effect the rays have on the human body. For this indicator, there are also certain norms that must be taken into account.

Radiation can negatively affect the human body, but even for it, it has found application in some areas of life.

Video: Gamma Radiation

Speaker: Candidate of Medical Sciences, M.V. Kislov (Bryansk Branch State University in Novozybkov)

Historical information about Novozybkov

It has been considered a city since 1809.

It was first mentioned as a Zybkaya settlement from 1701.

Located in the south-west of the Bryansk region on the Karna river.

The area within the city limits is 31 sq. Km. Population - 40,500 people;

The third largest settlement in the region is after Bryansk and Klintsy.

After the accident, the entire territory of the city of Novozybkov was exposed to radioactive contamination:

137Cs - 18.6 Ci / km2, (max - 44.2)

90Sr - 0.25 Ci / km2

data of the State Committee for Hydromet for 1989

The ED for training residents for the first year was about 10.0 mSv (1.0 rem).

Radiation gamma background (dose rate of gamma radiation)

In May 1986, on the territory of settlements in the southwestern districts of the Bryansk region, the background of gamma radiation reached 15000-25000 μR / h (150-250 μSv / h).

In Novozybkov:

1991 10 - 150 μR / hour (0.10-1.5 μSv / h),

in the suburban area - 50 - 400 microR / h.

2001 - 20 - 63 μR / h (0.2 - 0.63 μSv / h),

2006 - 12 - 45 μR / h (0.12 - 0.45 μSv / h),

2015 - 9 - 41 μR / h (0.09 - 0.41 μSv / h)

In 1986 -1989, in order to reduce the dose of external radiation in settlements in the places of the longest stay of people, decontamination work was carried out, which were reduced to:

1.to the removal of the surface layer of the soil,

2. backfilling the territory with "radioactively clean" sand,

3.asphalting the territory.

purpose of work

To measure the gamma background in places where people stay on the territory of urban and rural settlements in the southwestern districts of the Bryansk region.

Information about the gamma background on the territory of some Russian cities, measurements were carried out in 2012-2015:

Measurement location	GF value (μSv / h)
Yaroslavl
cent of the bridge over the river. Volga	0,07 + 20%
steamer in the center of the river. Volga	0,05 + 18%
with. Karabikha estate F. Nekrasov	0,11 + 6%
the territory of the nunnery, built in the early 17th century	0,12 + 12%
Moscow city
the territory of the Kiev railway station	0,12 + 10%
Red Square territory	0,11 + 11%
Kaluga
the territory near the monument to E.K. Tsiolkovsky	0,1 + 5%
the territory of the park named after E.K. Tsiolkovsky	0,12 - 0,16 + 10%

Territory of Novozybkov

Measurement location	Result (μSv / h) + error
Novozybkov (measurements were taken at 106 points in the city on an area with different coverage)	average value - 0.17 minimum value: 0.08 ± 20% maximum value: 0.41 ± 18%
City center (asphalt)	0,18 - 0,2
District of the city "Gorka"	0,23 - 0,36
Territory of the sports ground of the agricultural technical school	0,16 - 0,21
Hockey line on the territory of MBOU Secondary School No. 9 with sand filling	0,08 - 0,10

The results of measuring the gamma background on the territory of school number 9

№	Place of measurement of gamma background:	Value, μSv / h:	Note:
	School entrance	0,18	In front of the porch
	Obstacle course	0,12	Maze
	Obstacle course	0,15	Brick wall
	Football court	0,12	(From the side of the obstacle course)
	Football field	0,11	(From the side of the school)
	Hockey court	0,08	Center, sand mound
	Flower bed		Centre,
	Park zone	0,22	Centre

The results of measuring the gamma background in the southwestern districts of the Bryansk region in places where people stay

The territory of the former pioneer camp near the village of Muravinka and Guta, Novozybkovsky district

Settlements	Gamma - background in 2001
	Entry	Centre	Departure
Guta (30.2 Ci / km2)	0, 53	0, 50	0, 58
Muravinka (28.7)	0, 55	0, 52	0, 57

Aggregated data for 2013-2015 yy about GF on the territory of settlements(μSv / h)

№	Name N.p.	Ki / km2	Number of points	Mean	Minimal	Maximum
Novozybkovsky district
	Demenka	28,3		0,42	0,32	0,55
	Vereshchaki	17,0		0,21	0,15
	Art. Bobovichi	26,5		0,18	0,11	0,40
	Old Krivets			0,24	0,12	0,31
	Perevoz	28,2			0,20	0,59
	New place	26,1		0,13	0,11	0,15
	Shelomy	20,4		0,15		0,38
	Yasnaya Polyana	27,4		0,18	0,15	0,23

№	Name N.p.		Ki / km2	Number of points	Mean	Minimal	Maximum
Zlynkovsky district
		Vyshkov	34,7		0,18	0,12	0,26
		Sinister	26,7		0,28		0,35
		Sofiyivka	17,0		0,17	0,12	0,23
		Spiridonova Buda	11,0		0,16		0,24
		M. Shcherbinichi			0,24		0,42

№	Name N.p.		Ki / km2	Number of points	Mean	Minimal	Maximum
Klimovsky district
		Klimovo	10,0		0,17	0,11	0,20
		Loving Buda	10,5		0,20	0,16	0,29
		New Ropsk			0,13	0,10	0,18
Gordeevsky district
		Strugova Buda			0,14	0,10	0,24
Krasnogorsk district
		Red Mountain			0,19	0,10	0,27

Social problem

V last years becomes relevant (? ) the problem of forest and peat bog fires in the southwestern districts of the Bryansk region.

During monitoring gamma background near and at a distance from the sources of fire, we did not find a tendency to increase gamma background.

conclusions

Over the years after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, in the places of residence of the population, there has been a decrease in the radiation gamma background almost to natural levels.

This is due to:

Physical decay of Chernobyl radionuclides;

Carrying out events:

1. removal of the top layer of soil in places of long-term presence of the population;

2.deep plowing,

3.application of a screening road surface,

4. improvement of settlements.

Many people know about the dangers of X-ray examination. There are those who have heard of the dangers posed by rays from the gamma category. But not everyone knows what it is and what specific danger it poses.

Among the many types of electromagnetic radiation, there are gamma rays. The common people know much less about them than about X-rays. But that doesn't make them less dangerous. The main feature of this radiation is considered to be its short wavelength.

They are similar in nature to light. Their speed of propagation in space is identical to the speed of light, and amounts to 300,000 km / sec. But because of its characteristics, such radiation has a strong toxic and traumatic effect on all living things.

Major hazards of gamma radiation

The main sources of gamma radiation are cosmic rays. Also, their formation is influenced by the decay of atomic nuclei of various elements with a radioactive component and several other processes. Regardless of the specific way in which the radiation fell on a person, it always has identical consequences. This is a strong ionizing effect.

Physicists note that the shortest waves of the electromagnetic spectrum have the greatest energy saturation of quanta. Because of this, the gamma background gained fame as a stream with a large energy reserve.

Its influence on all living things lies in the following aspects:

• Poisoning and damage to living cells. This is due to the fact that the penetrating power of gamma radiation is particularly high.
• The cycle of ionization. Along the path of the beam, the molecules destroyed because of it begin to actively ionize the next portion of the molecules. And so on ad infinitum.
• Cell transformation. Cells destroyed in this way cause strong changes in its various structures. The resulting result negatively affects the body, turning healthy components into poisons.
• The birth of mutated cells that are not able to perform the functional duties assigned to them.

But the main danger of this type of radiation is considered to be the lack of a special mechanism in humans, aimed at the timely detection of such waves. Because of this, a person may receive a lethal dose of radiation and not even immediately understand it.

All human organs react differently to gamma particles. Some systems cope better than others due to the reduced individual sensitivity to such dangerous waves.

Worst of all, this effect affects the hematopoietic system. This is explained by the fact that it is here that some of the most rapidly dividing cells in the body are present. Also, from such radiation suffer greatly:

• digestive tract;
• lymphatic glands;
• genitals;
• hair follicles;
• DNA structure.

Having penetrated into the structure of the DNA chain, the rays start the process of numerous mutations, knocking down the natural mechanism of heredity. Doctors are far from always able to immediately determine what is the reason for a sharp deterioration in the patient's well-being. This happens due to a long latency period and the ability of radiation to accumulate harmful effects in cells.

Applications of gamma radiation

Having figured out what gamma radiation is, people begin to be interested in the use of hazardous rays.

According to recent studies, with uncontrolled spontaneous exposure to radiation from the gamma spectrum, the consequences do not make themselves felt soon. In especially neglected situations, exposure can “win back” on the next generation, without any visible consequences for the parents.

Despite the proven danger of such rays, scientists still continue to use this radiation on an industrial scale. It is often used in the following industries:

• sterilization of products;
• processing of medical instruments and equipment;
• control over the internal state of a number of products;
• geological work, where it is required to determine the depth of the well;
• space research, where you need to measure the distance;
• cultivation of plants.

In the latter case, mutations of agricultural crops make it possible to use them for growing on the territory of countries that were initially not adapted to this.

Gamma rays are used in medicine in the treatment of various cancers. The method is called radiation therapy. It aims to maximally affect cells that divide especially quickly. But in addition to the utilization of such cells harmful to the body, the accompanying healthy cells are killed. Because of this side effect, doctors have been trying for years to find better drugs to fight cancer.

But there are such forms of oncology and sarcomas, which cannot be eliminated by any other method known to science. Then radiation therapy is prescribed in order to suppress the vital activity of pathogenic tumor cells in a short time.

Other uses of radiation

Today, the energy of gamma radiation has been studied well enough to understand all the associated risks. But even a hundred years ago, people were more dismissive of such exposure. Their knowledge of the properties of radioactivity was negligible. Due to such ignorance, many people suffered from diseases that were incomprehensible to doctors of the past era.

It was possible to meet radioactive elements in:

• glaze for ceramics;
• jewelry;
• old souvenirs.

Some "greetings from the past" can be dangerous even today. This is especially true for parts of outdated medical or military equipment. They are found on the territory of abandoned military units and hospitals.

Also, radioactive scrap metal poses a huge danger. It can be a threat by itself, or it can be found in areas with increased radiation. In order to avoid latent exposure from scrap metal items found in the landfill, each object must be checked with special equipment. He can reveal his real background radiation.

In its "pure form", gamma radiation poses the greatest danger from the following sources:

• processes in outer space;
• particle decay experiments;
• transition of the core of an element with a high energy content at rest;
• movement of charged particles in a magnetic field;
• deceleration of charged particles.

Paul Villard became the pioneer in the field of gamma-particle research. This French physicist started talking about the properties of gamma rays as early as 1900. An experiment to study the characteristics of radium prompted him to do this.

How can you protect yourself from harmful radiation?

In order for protection to establish itself as a truly effective blocker, you need to approach its creation in a comprehensive manner. The reason for this is the natural radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum that constantly surrounds a person.

In the normal state, the sources of such rays are considered relatively harmless, since their dose is minimal. But in addition to the lull in the environment, there are also periodic bursts of radiation. The inhabitants of the Earth from cosmic emissions are protected by the remoteness of our planet from others. But hide from the many nuclear power plants people will not succeed, because they are ubiquitous.

The equipment of such institutions is especially dangerous. Nuclear reactors as well as various technological loops pose a threat to the average citizen. A striking example of this is the tragedy at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the consequences of which are still emerging.

In order to minimize the effect of gamma radiation on the human body at especially hazardous enterprises, its own security system was introduced. It includes several main points:

• Restriction on the time spent near a dangerous object. During the operation to eliminate the consequences at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, each liquidator was given only a few minutes to carry out one of the many stages of the general plan for eliminating the consequences.
• Distance limitation. If the situation permits, then all procedures should be carried out automatically, as far as possible from the dangerous object.
• Availability of protection. This is not only a special form for an employee of a particularly hazardous production, but also additional protective barriers made of different materials.

Materials with increased density and high atomic number act as a blocker for such barriers. Among the most common, it is customary to call:

• lead,
• lead glass,
• steel alloy,
• concrete.

• a lead plate 1 cm thick;
• concrete layer 5 cm in depth;
• water column 10 cm deep.

Taken together, this allows you to reduce the radiation by half. But you still can't get rid of it completely. Also, lead cannot be used in an environment of elevated temperatures. If the room is constantly kept in the mode high temperature, then low-melting lead will not help the cause. It must be replaced with expensive analogs:

• tungsten
• tantalum.

All employees of enterprises where high gamma radiation is maintained are required to wear regularly updated overalls. It contains not only lead filler, but also a rubber base. If necessary, the suit is supplemented with anti-radiation screens.

If the radiation has covered a large area of ​​the territory, then it is better to immediately hide in a special shelter. If he is not nearby, you can use the basement. The thicker the wall of such a basement, the lower the likelihood of receiving a high dose of radiation.

• - prepare the dosimeter for operation according to the description attached to the device;
• - place the detector at the measurement site (when measuring on the ground, the detector is placed at a height of 1 m.);
• - take readings of the device and write them down in the table.

Measurement of the level of radioactive contamination of the body of animals, machinery, clothing and equipment:

• -select a site for measurements at a distance of 15-20 m from livestock buildings;
• - using the DP-5 device to determine the background on the selected area (D f);
• - to measure the dose rate of gamma radiation created by radioactive substances on the surface of the animal's body (D meas) by placing the detector of the DP-5 device at a distance of 1-1.5 cm from the surface of the animal's body (screen in the "G" position);
• - when establishing the radioactive contamination of the skin of animals, examine the entire surface of the body, paying special attention to the places of the most likely contamination (limbs, tail, back);
• - the contamination of machinery and equipment is checked first of all in those places with which people come into contact during work. Clothes and protective equipment are examined in an expanded form, the places of greatest pollution are found;
• - calculate the radiation dose generated by the surface of the measured object according to the formula:

D about = D rev. ? D f / K,

Where, D about - the radiation dose created by the surface of the inspected object, mR / h; D meas - radiation dose created by the surface of the object together with the background, mR / h; D f - gamma background, mR / h; K is the coefficient taking into account the screening effect of the object (for the surface of the body of animals it is equal to 1.2; for vehicles and agricultural machinery - 1.5; for personal protective equipment, food containers and pantries - 1.0).

The amount of radioactive contamination obtained in this way is compared with the permissible norm and a conclusion is made about the need for decontamination.

The presence of radioactive substances inside the body of animals is determined by two measurements: with a closed and open window of the detector of the DP-5 radiometer. If the readings of the instrument with the closed and open detector windows are the same, the examined surface is not contaminated with radioactive substances. Gamma radiation passes through the test surface from the other side (or from the internal tissues of the body). If the readings are greater with the open window of the detector than with the closed one, the surface of the body is contaminated with radioactive substances.

The purpose of the incoming operational radiation control is to prevent the production of raw materials, the use of which can lead to an excess of the permissible levels of cesium-137 and strontium-90 in food products established by sanitary rules and regulations.

The objects of incoming control are live cattle and all types of raw meat. The procedure for conducting operational radiation monitoring of raw meat and livestock is established taking into account the radiation situation in the territory of their origin and is carried out in the form of continuous and selective control.

Continuous operational radiological control is carried out in the study of meat raw materials and livestock produced in areas exposed to radioactive contamination or suspected of radioactive contamination. Selective control is carried out in the study of raw meat and livestock produced in areas that have not been exposed to radioactive contamination and are not suspected of radioactive contamination in order to confirm the radiation safety and homogeneity of lots of raw meat and livestock (the sample is up to 30% of the controlled batch).

When meat raw materials or livestock with a content of radionuclides above the reference levels (CU) are detected, they switch to continuous operational or complete laboratory radiological control.

Radiation monitoring of raw meat and livestock is carried out by assessing the conformity of the measurement results of the specific activity of cesium-137 in the controlled object to the "Control Levels", not exceeding which makes it possible to guarantee the compliance of the controlled products with radiation safety requirements without measuring strontium-90:

(Q / H) Cs-137 + (Q / H) Sr-90? 1, where

Q - specific activity of cesium-137 and strontium-90 in the controlled object;

H - standards for the specific activity of cesium-137 and strontium-90, established by the current rules and regulations for raw meat.

If the measured values ​​of the specific activity of cesium-137 exceed the values ​​of CA, then:

to obtain a final conclusion, raw meat is sent to state laboratories, where a complete radiological study is carried out by radiochemical and spectrometric methods;

animals are returned to additional fattening using "clean feed" and (or) drugs that reduce the transfer of radionuclides into the animal body.

For all types of raw meat and livestock produced in "clean" areas affected by radioactive contamination and subject to radiation control at meat processing plants and farms, four reference levels have been introduced:

KU 1 = 100 Bq / kg- for farm animals and meat raw materials with bone tissue;

KU 2 = 150 Bq / kg- for raw meat, without bone tissue and offal;

KU 3 = 160 Bq / kg- for cattle raised on the territory of the Bryansk region, which suffered the most from the Chernobyl accident (after slaughter of these animals, the bone tissue is subject to mandatory laboratory control for the content of strontium-90).

KU 4 = 180 Bq / kg- for game and other species of animals.

The assessment of the compliance of the measurement results of the specific activity of cesium-137 with the radiation safety requirements is carried out according to the criterion of not exceeding the value of the permissible limit.

The result of measuring the specific activity Q of the cesium-137 radionuclide is the measured value of Q meas. and the error interval? Q.

If it turns out that Q meas.< ?Q, то принимается, что Q изм. = 0, и область возможных значений Q характеризуется соотношением Q ? ?Q.

The raw material meets the requirements of radiation safety, if, according to the criterion of not exceeding the value of the permissible limit, it meets the requirement: (Q ±? Q)? NS. Such raw materials enter production without restriction.

Raw materials do not meet radiation safety requirements if (Q +? Q)> KU. Raw materials can be recognized as not complying with radiation safety requirements by the criterion of not exceeding KU, if? Q? KU / 2. In this case, tests should be carried out in the radiation control laboratory in accordance with the requirements of MUK 2.6.717-98 for food products.

Measuring. To determine the specific activity of cesium-137 in raw meat and animal organisms, it is allowed to use devices that meet the requirements for radiation monitoring tools included in the State Register and the equipment list of state veterinary laboratories.

A necessary condition for the suitability of measuring instruments for the operational control of the specific activity of cesium-137 are:

• - the ability to measure the specific activity of cesium-137 in raw meat or in the body of animals without preparing counting samples;
• - ensuring the value of the measurement error of the sample of "zero activity" no more? Q? KU / 3 during the measurement of 100 sec at the equivalent dose rate of gamma radiation at the measurement site up to 0.2 μSv / hour.

The specificity of the measured objects of control determines special requirements for the choice of measurement geometry and safety.

Measurement of carcasses, half carcasses, quarters or meat blocks formed from the muscle tissues of one animal is carried out by direct contact of the detector with the measured object without sampling. To avoid contamination of the detector, it is placed in a protective polyethylene cover. The use of the same cover is allowed when measuring only one batch of raw materials. When measuring cuts, offal and poultry, are the objects to be measured placed in pallets, boxes or other types of containers to create meat blocks with a depth? 30 cm. Correspondingly, when measuring carcasses of pigs or small ruminants, should the measured objects be positioned in the form of feet with a total depth "for meat"? 30 cm. In the same way, provide the required depth when measuring cattle quarters.

When measuring live cattle, half carcasses and hind quarters, the detector is located in the region of the posterior femoral muscle group at the level of the knee joint between the femur and tibia; when measuring the forequarters, the detector is located in the region of the scapula; when measuring carcasses, half-carcasses and hind quarters, the detector is placed in the area of ​​the gluteal muscle group to the left or right of the spine, between the spine, femur and sacrum.