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Fossils on Mars. Mars One and information on the colonization of Mars. Communication with Earth

The objectives of the colonization of Mars are called the following:

Creating a permanent base for scientific research Mars himself and his satellites, in the future - to study the belt of asteroids and distant planets of the solar system.
Industrial mining of valuable minerals.
The decision of the demographic problems of the Earth.
The main goal is to create a "cradle of mankind" in case of a global cataclysm on Earth.

The main limiting factor is, first of all, the extremely high cost of delivering colonists and cargo for Mars.

At the moment and the near future is obviously relevant only first goal. A number of enthusiasts of the idea of \u200b\u200bcolonization of Mars believes that with large initial costs for the organization of the colony in the future, subject to the achievement of a high degree of autonomy and the organization of the production of part materials and essential items (primarily oxygen, water, food) from local resources Studies will be generally more cost-effective than sending returned expeditions or the creation of settlement stations for work by the Watch method. In addition, in the future, Mars can become a convenient landfill for conducting large-scale scientific and technical experiments dangerous for the earth's biosphere.

As for mining of minerals, then, on the one hand, Mars may turn out to be quite rich in mineral resources, and due to the lack of free oxygen in the atmosphere, it is possible to have rich deposits of native metals on it, on the other - currently the cost of cargo delivery and mining organization In an aggressive environment (unsuitable for breathing, a rare atmosphere and a large amount of dust) is so great that no wealth of deposits will ensure payback of production.

To solve demographic problems, it will be necessary, firstly, the transfer from the Earth of the population across the possibilities of modern technology (at least millions of people), secondly - ensuring the full autonomy of the colony and the possibility of more or less comfortable life on the surface of the planet, for What will require the creation on it suitable for breathing atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and solving problems of protection against cosmic radiation. Now all this can be viewed only as crumbling as the prospect of a remote future.

Suitability for development

Similarity with Earth

Differences

The force of gravity on Mars is about 2.63 times less than on Earth (0.38 g). It is still unknown whether it is enough to avoid health problems arising from weightlessness.
The surface temperature of Mars is much lower than the earth. The maximum mark is +30 ° C (at noon at the equator), the minimum - -123 ° C (in winter on the poles). In this case, the temperature of the near-surface layer of the atmosphere is always below zero.
Due to the fact that Mars is farther from the Sun, the amount of its surface reaching the surface of solar energy is roughly smaller than on Earth.
The orbit of Mars has a greater eccentricity, which increases the annual fluctuations in temperature and quantity solar energy.
The atmospheric pressure on Mars is too little so that people can survive without a pneumatic resume. Residential premises on Mars will have to equip gateways, like those installed on spacecraft that could maintain earthly atmospheric pressure.
The Martian atmosphere consists mainly of carbon dioxide (95%). Therefore, despite its low density, the CO 2 partial pressure on the surface of Mars is 52 times more than on Earth, which may allow maintaining vegetation.
Mars has two natural satellites, phobos and daimos. They are much smaller and closer to the planet than the moon to the ground. These satellites may be useful [ ] When checking the toonization of asteroids.
Magnetic field of Mars is weaker than the earth for about 800 times. Together with rarefied (100-160 times in comparison with the Earth), this atmosphere significantly increases the amount of ionizing radiation achieving its surface. The magnetic field of Mars is not able to protect the living organisms from cosmic radiation, and the atmosphere (under the condition of its artificial recovery) - from the dissipation by the solar wind.
The detection of the Phoenix apparatus, landed near the North Pole of Mars in 2008, in the soil of Mars Perchlorats question the possibility of growing in the Martian soil of earth plants without additional experiments either without artificial soil.
Radiation background on Mars is 2.2 times higher than the radiation background at the International Space Station and is approaching the established security limits for astronauts.
Water, due to low pressure, boils on Mars at a temperature of +10 ° C. In other words, water iso ice, almost bypassing the liquid phase, quickly turns into pairs.

Principal achievability

Flight time from Earth to Mars (with current technologies) is 259 days half-cell and 70 - on Parabola. In principle, the delivery of a necessary minimum of equipment and supplies to the initial period of existence of a small colony does not go beyond the possibilities of modern space technology, taking into account promising developments, whose implementation period is estimated at one or two decades. At the moment, the principal unresolved problem remains protection against radiation during flight; In the case of its solution, the flight itself (especially if it will be produced in one direction) is quite real, although it requires the investment of enormous financial resources and solve a number of scientific and technical issues of a different scale.

At the same time, it should be noted that the "starting window" for flight between the planets opens once every 26 months. Taking into account the flight time, even in the most ideal conditions (the successful location of the planets and the availability of the transport system in a ready state), it is clear that, unlike the near-earth stations or the lunar base, the Martian colony will, in principle, will not be able to get operational assistance from the Earth or evacuate on The land in the event of an abnormal situation, with which it is impossible to cope with its own. Due to the foregoing, simply for survival on Mars Colonia should have a guaranteed sense of autonomy for no less than three terrestrial years. Taking into account the possibility of occurrence during this period of various abnormal situations, accidents of equipment, natural cataclysms are clear that to ensure survival of the colony should have a significant reserve of equipment, production facilities in all sectors of its own industry and that at first the most important - power generating capacity, Since all production, and the entire sphere of life support colony will be acutely dependent on the presence of electricity in sufficient quantities.

Habitat conditions

Without protective equipment, a person will not be able to live on the surface of Mars and a few minutes. Nevertheless, compared with the conditions on hot Mercury and Venus, cold external planets and devoid of atmosphere, the moon and asteroids, the conditions on Mars are much more suitable for development. On Earth there are such places explored by a person in which natural conditions are largely similar to Martian. The atmospheric pressure of the Earth at an altitude of 34,668 meters is a record at height, which reached a balloon with a team on board (May 4th) - approximately twice the maximum pressure on the surface of Mars.

The results of the latest studies show that Mars has significant and at the same time directly affordable water ice deposits, soil, in principle, suitable for growing plants, and in the atmosphere is present in a sufficiently large amount of carbon dioxide. All this in the aggregate allows you to calculate (if there is enough energy) on the possibility of producing plant food, as well as water and oxygen production from local resources, which significantly reduces the need for a closed life support cycle technologies, which would be needed on the moon, asteroids or on remote From the Earth of the Space Station.

Main difficulties

The main dangers that lie astronauts during a flight to Mars and stay on the planet, following:

Possible physiological problems when finding on Mars crew will be the following:

Methods of terravertation Marsa

Main goals

Methods

Controlled collapse on the surface of Mars Coma, one large or many small ice asteroids from the main belt or one of the satellites of Jupiter, in order to heat the atmosphere and replenish it with water and gases.
The conclusion into the orbit of the satellite of Mars of a massive body, an asteroid from the main belt (for example, ceres) in order to activate the effect of the planetary "Dynamo", and the strengthening of its own magnetic field of Mars.
The change magnetic field Using the gasket around the planet rings from the conductor or superconductor with a connection to a powerful energy source. The director of the Scientific Department of NASA Jim Green believes that the natural magnetic field of Mars cannot be restored, in any case, now or even in a very distant future, it is not forces. But you can create an artificial field. True, not on Mars itself, but next to him. Speaking with the report "The Future of the Mars Environment for Research and Science" at the event Planetary Science Vision 2050 Workshop, Green suggested creating a magnetic shield. This shield, Mars L1, on the plan of the authors of the project, will close Mars from the solar wind, and the planet will begin to restore its atmosphere. Place the shield is planned between Mars and the Sun, where it would be in a stable orbit. The creation of the field is planned using a huge dipole or two equal and oppositely charged magnets.
Explosion on the polar hats of several nuclear bombs. The lack of a method is a radioactive infection of the selected water.
Orbit of Mars artificial satellitescapable of collecting and focusing sunlight on the surface of the planet for its heating.
The surface colonization by archeubacteries (see Archaei) and other extremophils, including genetically modified, to highlight the necessary amounts of greenhouse gases or obtain the necessary substances in large volumes from the already available on the planet. In April, the German Center of Aviation and Cosmonautics made a report that in the laboratory conditions of simulation of the atmosphere of Mars Simulation Laboratory (Mars Simulation Laboratory), some types of lichens and cyanobacteria after 34 days of stay adapted and showed photosynthesis.

The impact methods associated with the conclusion in orbit or the asteroid fall require solid calculations aimed at studying such an impact on the planet, its orbit, the speed of rotation and much more.

A serious problem on the path of colonization of Mars is the lack of a magnetic field protecting against solar radiation. For a full-fledged life on Mars without a magnetic field can not do.

It should be noted that almost all of the above-mentioned actions on the terraforming of Mars are currently no more than "mental experiments", since most of them do not rely on any existing in reality and at least minimally proven technologies, and by approximate energy consumption multiple times The possibilities of modern humanity. For example, to create pressure, sufficient at least for growing in the open ground, without sealing, the most unpretentious plants, it is required to increase the existing mass of the Martian atmosphere 5-10 times, that is, to deliver to Mars or evaporate from its surface of about 10 17 - 10 from its surface 18 kg. It is not difficult to calculate that, for example, for evaporation of such a quantity of water, approximately 2.25 10 12 TJ will need, which is more than 4500 times the entire modern annual energy consumption on Earth (see).

Radiation

Pilotable flight on Mars

Creating a spacecraft for flight to Mars is a difficult task. One of the main problems is to protect the cosmonauts from the flow of particles of solar radiation. There are several ways to solve this problem, for example, the creation of special protective materials for the hull or even the development of a magnetic shield similar to the mechanism of action by the planetary.

Mars One.

« Mars One."- a private project to collect funds led by Bas Lansdorp, which assumes flight to Mars, followed by the basis of the colony on its surface and the broadcast of everything that happens on television.

Inspiration Mars.

INSPIRATION MARS FOUNDATION - American non-profit organization (foundation), founded by Dennis Tito, planning to send a piloted expedition in January 2018 for the departure of Mars.

Still Spaceship.

"Scenery Spaceship" (Eng. Hundred-Year Starship) - a project, a common goal of which is to prepare during the century to the expedition to one of the neighboring planetary systems. One of the elements of preparation is the implementation of the project of the non-refundable direction of people to Mars in order to colonize the planet. The project has been developing the Eix Research Center since 2010 - one of NASA's main scientific laboratories. The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe project is to send people to Mars so that they are based on the colony there and continued to live in this colony, without returning to Earth. Refusal to return will lead to a significant reduction in the cost of the flight, it will be possible to take more cargo and crew. Further flights will deliver new colonists and replenish their stocks. The possibility of reverse flight will appear only when the colony can organize the production of a sufficient number of items necessary for this and materials from local resources (first of all, we are talking about fuel and reserves of oxygen, water and food).

Communication with Earth

To communicate with potential colonies, radio communication can be used, which has a delay of 3-4 minutes in each direction during the maximum convergence of the planets (which is repeated every 780 days) and about 20 minutes with maximum removal of the planets; See Configuration (Astronomy). The delay of signals from Mars to Earth and the opposite is due to the speed of light. However, the use of electromagnetic waves (including light) does not make it possible to maintain communication with Earth directly (without a relay satellite) when planets are in opposite points of orbits relative to the sun.

Possible places of founding colonies

The best places for the colony are to the equator and lowlands. First of all it is:

wpadina Ellada - has a depth of 8 km, and at its bottom the pressure is the highest on the planet, so that in this area the smallest level of the background from the cosmic rays on Mars [ ] .
Mariner Valley is not so deep as Wpadina Ellad, but it has the greatest minimum temperatures on the planet, which expands the choice of structural materials [ ] .

In the case of terravertation, the first open reservoir will appear in the marine valley.

Colony (forecast)

Although still the design of Martian colonies has not entered the sketches, for reasons of proximity to the equator and high atmospheric pressure, they usually plan to be founded in different places of Marjer Valley. What heights in the future either reached space transport, the laws of conservation of mechanics determine the high price of cargo delivery between the Earth and Mars, and limit the periods of flights, tie them to the planetary confrontation.

High delivery price and 26-month intermetal periods define the requirements:

Guaranteed for a three-year self-sufficiency of the colony (an additional 10 months on the flight and the manufacture of the order). This is possible only with the accumulation of structures and materials on the territory of the future colony to the initial arrival of people.
Production in the colony of basic structural and consumables from local resources.

This means the need to create cement, brick, concrete, air and water industries, as well as unfolding black metallurgy, metalworking and greenhouses. Food savings will require vegetarianism [ ]. The likely lack of coking materials on Mars will require direct reduction of iron oxides with electrolysis hydrogen - and, accordingly, hydrogen production. Martian dust storms can for months to make unsuitable solar energy, which in the absence of natural fuel and oxidizers makes the only reliable, currently, only nuclear power. Large-scale hydrogen production and a larger content of deuterium in Mars ice compared to earth will lead to cheapness severe waterWith the mining of uranium on Mars, it will make the most effective and cost-effective heavy nuclear reactors.

High scientific or economic productivity of the colony. The similarity of Mars on Earth determines the greatest value of Mars for geology, and if there is life - for biology. The economic profitability of the colony is possible exclusively when the large rich gold, platinoid deposits or precious stones are found.
The first expedition should still emerge comfortable caves suitable for sealing and pumping air for the mass settlement of cities by builders. Mars's enjoyment will begin from under its surface.
Another likely effect of the creation of grotto colonies on Mars can be consolidating earthlings, raising global awareness on Earth; Planetary synchronization.
The physical image of a person rebirth to the settler is "dried" from the triple weight loss body, relief of the skeleton and muscle mass. Change gait, movement manner. There is also a danger of a set of overweight. There is a possibility of changing the power mode towards reducing food consumption.
The powers of the colonists can shift to the milk-sour, products from cows from local hydroponic conveyor pastures arranged in mines.

Criticism

In addition to the main arguments of criticism of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe colonization of space by a person (see Cosmos Colonization), there are also objections specific to Mars:

Colonization of Mars is not an effective way to solve any problems that faced humanity, which can be considered as the purpose of this colonization. It has not yet been discovered on Mars, which would have found a risk for people and expenses for the organization of production and transportation, and for colonization on Earth there are still huge unnecessaries, the conditions on which are much more favorable than on Mars, and the development of which will cost much Cheaper, including Siberia, huge spaces of anti-essential deserts and even a whole mainland - Antarctica. As for the very study of Mars, it is more economical to behave using robots.
As one of the main arguments against the colonization of Mars, the argument is made about its extremely small resource of key elements necessary for life (first of all it is hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon). However, in the light of recent studies, found on Mars, in particular, the huge stocks of water ice, at least on hydrogen and oxygen, the question is removed.
Conditions on the surface of Mars require developing for life innovative projects of life support systems. But since on the earth's surface there are no conditions close to Martian, then it is not possible to check them experimentally. This, in some way, is questioned by the practical value of most of them.
Also not studied the long-term influence of the Martian strength of gravity on people (all experiments were carried out either in an environment with earthly attraction or in weightlessness). The degree of influence of gravity on the health of people during its change from weightlessness up to 1G has not been studied. On earthly orbit, it is planned to conduct an experiment ("Mars Gravity Biosatellite") on mice in order to study the influence of the Martian (0.38G) force of attraction for the life cycle of mammals.
The second cosmic speed of Mars - 5 km / s is quite high, albeit two times less terrestrial, which at the current level of space technology makes it impossible to achieve the level of break-even colony due to the export of materials. However, the density of the atmosphere, the shape (the radius of the mountain is about 270 km) and the height (21.2 km from the base) of the Mount Olympus make it possible to use all sorts of electromagnetic mass accelerators (electromagnetic catapult or maglev, or Gauss gun, etc.) for cargo output to space. Atmospheric pressure on the top of Olympus is only 2% of the pressure characteristic of the average level of the Martian surface. Considering that on the surface of Mars, the pressure is less than 0.01 atmosphere, the sponsor of the medium on the top of Olymp is almost no different from the cosmic vacuum.
The psychological factor also causes concern. The duration of the flight to Mars and the further life of people in a closed space on it can become serious obstacles to the development of the planet.
In some, it is concerned about the fact of possible "pollution" of the planet with earthly forms of life. The issue of existence (currently or in the past) of life on Mars has not yet been solved.
There is still no technology for producing technical silicon without using charcoal, as well as semiconductor silicon production technology without technical. This means enormous difficulties in the production of solar panels on Mars. There is no other technology for obtaining technical silicon, since technology using charcoal is the cheapest in terms of low cost of this material and energy costs. On Mars, it is possible to use metal-churmic reduction of silicon from its magnesium dioxide to magnesium silicide, followed by the decomposition of hydrochloride silatus or acetic acid to produce a gaseous monosilane Sih4, which can be cleaned of impurities in different ways, and then decompose on hydrogen and pure silicon.
Recent studies on mice have shown that a long stay in the conditions of weightlessness (space) causes degenerative liver changes, as well as symptoms of diabetes. In people, after returning from the orbit, similar symptoms were observed, but the reasons for this phenomenon were unknown.

In art

Soviet song "On Marsa will bloom on Mars" (Music V. Muradel, the words E. Dolmatovsky).
"Place of residence - Mars" (English Living On Mars) - a popular film, shot by National Geographic in 2009
The song of the Otto Dix group - Utopia also has a mention ("... and apple trees will bloom on Mars, as on earth ...")
The song of the artist Noize MC - "On Mars Cool".
In the fantastic film of the 1990th year, "remember everything" the plot action takes place on Mars.
The song by David Bowie - "Life On Mars", and Ziggy Stardast (English. Ziggy Stardust.) - a fictional character created by David Bowie and being the central figure of his conceptual globe rock album "The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and The Spiders from Mars".
Ray Bradbury - Martian Chronicles.
Aizek Azimov - Series "Lakki Starr". Book 1 - "David Starr, Space Ranger."
The film "Red Planet" talks about the beginning of the terror of Mars for the sake of salvation of earthlings.
On colonized MARS OVA Armitage III occurs.
The process of colonization and (in the second case) of the terravertation of Mars is devoted to the table role-playing games "Mars Colony" and "Mars: new air".
The terraforming and colonization of Mars is the main background of the events of the Martian trilogy of Kim Stanley Robinson.
Series of books Edgar Berrowza about the fantastic world of Mars.
In the British television series, the doctor who in the Mars's Water series on the surface of Mars was the mastered first colony in the Cutera Gusev "Bowie Base One".
The scientific fiction story of Harry Harrison "Training Flight" talks about the first piloted expedition to Mars. Particular attention is paid to the psychological state of a person who is in a closed intelligence environment.
The novel of the Writer Andy Wira "Martian" tells about the one-time struggle for the life of the astronaut left alone on Mars. In 2015, the screening of this work was released.
"John Carter" (English. John Carter) - a fantastic adventure fighter of the director Andrew Stanton, delivered according to the book Edgar Rice Burrow "Princess Mars".
"Martian" - film director

Allow me, so to speak, also write a result, since the Marso-Kuriositi is successfully lurted. It will be about business and minerals on Mars (without taking into account his two moon phobos and Dimimos). Probably not for anyone no secret, why Mars Red Planet? And the first thing comes to mind, forgive me personally as a person not prepared so this is iron. And with all all the alloy alloy! So what is looking for in fact - a new "donor" for human resources, not only in the folk sense (everything is for the people), and more of course in commercial, of course. Recall the "Russian" price of gasoline and the price in Saudi Arabia for the domestic market ($ 3)! Is it also on the "good" earthlings? Believers are a big policy if you want the world's world influence. But we are talking about Mars. I am sure that the flight CURIOSITY Many large companies have concluded a deal with NASA! I have no facts of course, but there is a healthy guess. Build a station on extraction: nickel, tungsten, gold, platinum ... diamonds. After all, iron without carbon is nothing, and carbon is there and due to high pressures, the same bombardment of asteroids - carbon turns into diamonds, especially with such a favorable atmosphere. Those. Roughly speaking there are two parallel running programs: landscaping Mars and mining. And this is: Cheaper semiconductors, computer chips, processors, and so on. Among other, high-purity rubies, quartz, diamonds, fioneys ... and frozen water in the soil. There is an example - a paw of the module, pressed when unscheduled from the surface, left a trail. In the trail of the paw of the slant, the imprint, which was then evaporated and became the usual, ceased to reflect the trail. Water, oxygen and nitrogen is also in the atmosphere, though in very small quantities, which explains: photo of frozen droplets in the shakes of the chassis. Those, when the landing was laid, and he was pressed and cooled. The reverse effect of the refrigerator was formed. (When you put beer in the refrigerator) Of course, they will find how the author wrote in the previous blog - mold and rust in the form of mold and the simplest bacteria, especially where there are allocations (evaporation) from the surface. And the moon of Mars - like our moon, also once "crashed". There is an ordinary classic scheme: on the same moon - one, on the other - another, and on Mars, everything immediately passed from minerals when colliding. (On earth because of this, by the way, Mariana Wpadina - where those who have not seen the world live and breathe to toxins from volcanoes completely calmly). This is what natural wealth. Of course, I would have the opportunity to work on Mars - with a great joy (like on the bam on a business trip) without a skatera, do not take a walk, in a lunch break, and some bologram (large meteorite) weigh so kilogram 50 you from 10x velocities Mach According to Dome (if you look at the photo - there are a lot of such a lot from the buffer belt) and even radio collections as a rule. Therefore, the lunar phrase - there they will not go there - meant exactly that. And who needs an extra dose of Curie from the Crater of Peeshkov lying on the clearing? Go ahead. You did not turn to the surgery of the securities market, today, the growth of the ruble, raising some (really not big) commodity and IT-stock company? And in vain! Man - Everything for you, you are only boarding schools. This has a significant proportion of both the Olympic Games (with an indicator in the form of medals) and the success of investors invested in Curiosity and future mineral mining on Mars. About delivery to earth speech does not go. Barack Obama promises flight already in 2030! And this means that by the landscaping of Mars there will be hundreds of factories and factories to make a "ready-made product" in pure conditions of space assembly in vacuum! And if you remember was a project to create a constantly running (first one) then 2 and 3 and 4 ships (assembled in orbit) on the route Mars-Moon
, meanwhile, in the meantime, the delivery of products to Earth from 8 months to 4, 2x? Do you understand me? The same iPhones and netbooks ... But there, from the ready-made, that under your feet, it is lying so to speak, which do not need to be especially driving, dig a well. And what about what, and oil is not there. Oil is a giant cheerful millions of years ago during dinosaurs. So, if there was a living creature there - it was unlikely that it was such as we were on the matke of the earth. If everything was much simpler, then there is no oil there - there are metals and diamonds. About landscaping Mars. Of course, if there is, and there is a 100% water in the ground, then you can easily settle any special bacteria that would be covered with oxygen, while others have eaten and wrote water into the soil. For example, as we know on the ground in the depths of the ocean there are deep-water animals - which have not seen light and oxygen. Their cells are arranged in such a way that the toxins falling into them provide them with the synthesis of protein and dividing the cell itself with everything under pressure in a thousand atmospheres under water. So a similar fitter can be brought with Mars. Remember the LUNAR film - just about the development, only on the moon. But mankind will immediately be very hard and expensive to master two planets at once. There is another theory of development - Mars is already used. Suppose that at the time of dinosaurs, some aliens lived, who died all resources from Mars to our Apartunity and Kuriositi. They lived, trembled, built, turned and flew away to Alpha-Kosseueta in the Zed-Mesh (this is our ten ideome). This may explain the existing greenhouse effect. And there was no man then - there were monkeys from which he actually happened. And the land of comrades seemed to the wild - the village. Well, not behind the mammoth, sorry with bare ass. I want to read the electric to the metro and to the sauna with friends. Not civilized. So on this theory, I will not give up a lot of tomatoes in me, we will have the second time we will try to use Mars. Here you have a mastering. And here - for all the "famous" theory (since Soviet times) there are methods of attracting young people to free slavery work. Piraari as cool there, show on TV The team of green supposedly of holidaymakers in New Moscow on Picnica - and in fact the standard of such a 3 package of full garbage to gather for free. Or excavation of artifacts in pyramids or a bursharal ... I say it is, a student team - to live in a tent, sneakers, guitar, vodka ... I don't want to work. Or returned Leninsky years to create an image of Stakhanov famous for the entire USSR! I say here - there is one. It goes into the collection on Mars 300% of the ore of the radioculative grinding. Here you become like him, and we burn to you in the area with your family to equip, the house, the river, the garden, the collective farm will create ... we will give you a Volga or victory.
You will drive around to piano. Methods find a lot of free working work, but someone needs to do it. But the question: on the channel name of Moscow (Tobish Moscow-River) is traveling an expensive yacht, and the canal himself has not yet been digging Zekka, and it is possible to say on the bones built ... and the yachtsman is not in a hint. You see what I am a clone about Mars. You love, but no one knew about you and knew, killed in the crater. Failed in black hole. Who built it? Whether our descendants will respect the work of their grandmothers and grandfather (I do not take the example of the great domestic - here it is clear) but those on the bones will be built skyscrapers on Mars, plants. Factories, hazardous production ... I think it is unlikely whether a couple more generations will pass and someone, I think already and now does not remember - who was the Armstrong, Korolev, Gagarin. People will poke a finger in Aipad and talk - and this is the city of such a map of Yandex ... Here is my conclusion at the moment. For now - I will say all the same thanks to the scientist and the program! All the same, everything will come to this - just as on earth. Time only allows you to forget the creators.

Mars One is a private project that you have repeatedly heard, leaving the bass Lansdorp and an imposing flight on Mars, followed by the base of the colony on its surface and the broadcast of everything that happens on television.

This article you will read in 20 minutes along with the look at the pictures.

Project plan

2011 - the start of the project, all equipment suppliers confirm their willingness to take part;
2013 - the beginning of the international selection of astronauts;
2015 - the beginning of technical and psychological training selected 24 candidates, obtaining survival skills in an isolated environment and in conditions approximate to Martian;
2018 - A demonstration mission will be launched in May: sending a landing module to test solar panels, water extraction technology from Martian soil, as well as the launch of the communication satellite, which is 24 hours a day, 7 days a week will transmit images, video and other data from the surface of Mars ;
2020 - the launch of the second communication satellite in orbit around the Sun (point L5, to ensure uninterrupted flow), equipment for the construction of a colony and an unmanneded marshode with a trailer, which will choose the best place for settlement and prepare the surface of Mars to arrive in the load and placement of solar panels;
2022 - In July, 6 cargo will be launched: 2 residential blocks, 2 blocks with life support systems, 2 freight / warehouse block;
2023 - In February, loads will land at Mars next to the rover, he begins to prepare a base for the arrival of people: delivers blocks to the selected place, activates the systems of power supply and livelihoods, creating water reserves (3000 liters) and oxygen (120 kg);
2024 - In April-May, the Earth's Orbit will be sent: a transit module, Marslander ship (landing module) with the "assembly" crew on board and 2 acceleration steps. In September, the first fourth of the mission replaces the "assembly" crew and, after the last test of the system on Mars and the transit module, the first piloted ship will be launched on Mars. At the same time, the load is sent to ensure the life of the second crew;
2025 - In April, the first crew in the landing module is planted on Mars (transit will fly in orbit around the Sun). After the recovery and acclimatization of the "settlers" will install additional solar panels, they will collect all the modules, including 2 residential blocks and 2 life support systems for the second crew, into a single Martian base and will begin to slander its new alien house;
2027 - In July, the landing of the next group of people from 4 people, new modules, all-terrain vehicles and equipment. And so every two years;
2035 - The population of the colony should reach 20 people. (Source: Mars One - Roadmap)

Selection of colonists

Bass Lansdorp - co-founder and project manager Mars One.
In 2013 Mars One began the selection of future astronauts, which will be trained with the necessary skills, will pass tests for long-term foundation in a closed space in rocket and colony simulators. The group of astronauts will necessarily include both gender. The minimum age to submit an application for participation - 18 years, the maximum - 65 years; Citizens of any countries can apply. Priority has highly educated, smart, healthy people with scientific and technical education. Applications for participation began to be taken in the first quarter of 2013. The application procedure is free, however, to confirm the seriousness of the candidate's intentions, a donation is required to pay up to $ 40, depending on the state in which a person lives. In June 2013, more than 85 thousand people were registered on the project website from all over the land, thus expressing their desire to fly to Mars, many of them filed an application for participation in the selection; In August, the number of people will exceed 100 thousand people, and later amounted to more than 165 thousand. End of the first stage of selection was planned at the end of August 2013. Then, as they declare on the official website of the project, local meetings will be held with participants, in their states. The final decision on who will fly to Mars, and who will be the first person who has stepped on Mars, left spectators(from science makes a show).

That bass lansdorp

First tour

September 9, 2013 The leaders of the MARS ONE project reported on the completion of the first round of collecting applications for participation in the colonization of Mars. For five months, the desire to take part in the mission of "non-returns" expressed 202,586 people from 140 countries of the world.

The most applications came from the USA - 24%. In second place is India from 10% of the total number of requests, then follow: China (6%), Brazil (5%), United Kingdom (4%), Canada (4%), Russia (4%), Mexico (4% ), Philippines (2%), Spain (2%), Colombia (2%), Argentina (2%), Australia (1%), France (1%), Turkey (1%), Chile (1%), Ukraine (1%), Peru (1%), Germany (1%), Italy (1%) and Poland (1%).

From the total number of candidates, the qualifying committee Mars One will select potential settlers. The first round received notifications about this in January 2014. In the next two years, another additional qualifying round will be held, and by 2015 it is planned to select 6-10 groups of four people.

According to the results of the first round, 1058 were selected (from more than 200,000) people from 107 countries. Including US residents - 297 people, Canada - 75, India - 62, Russia - 52 people. From Poland, the first step of the selection was 13 people, from Ukraine 10, from Belarus 5 (three men and two women), two from Lithuania, and one from Latvia.

Second tour

December 30, 2013 Mars One announced the second round of the cosmonaut selection program. The candidates held in the second round have passed a comprehensive medical examination and presented the results of the Mars One qualifying commission before March 8, 2014. According to the results of honey. Surveys from 1058 people remained 705 - from 99 countries. Of the remaining candidates, most of the US residents are 204 people, Canada - 54, India - 44, Russia - 36, Australia - 27, Great Britain - 23. In terms of education: 23 people are younger specialists, 9 - lawyers, 12 - doctors, 253 - do not have a scientific degree, 229 - bachelor, 114 - masters and 65 - candidates of science.

Also Mars One begins work on modeling the Martian base for future colonists. The project manager appointed Christian Bengtson.

Technical training

2 astronauts must be experts in the field use and repair Total equipment to be able to identify and solve technical problems.

2 astronauts will get extensive medical training In order to be able to treat both minor and serious health problems, including the first aid and using medical equipment, which will be delivered with them to Mars. Their training and training will take all the time between the inclusion of them in the program and sending to Mars.

1 person will train for research geology Marsa.

1 more will get experience in exobiology, Life Search Outside the land and study the influence of an extraterrestrial environment for living organisms.
Other specialties, such as physiotherapy, psychology and electronics, will be common to all astronauts in each of the initial groups.

Flight to Moss

Flight to MARSA: Transitional orbit of Goman - Vetchkin.
The appropriate dates of launching to MARS are limited to the most favorable mutual location of the planets, and will be carried out in the orbit of Goman - Vetchilkina (Goman trajectory). The starting window opens every 2 years. The flight of the piloted ship to Mars will take about 7 months (~ 210 days), to minimize the effects of cosmic radiation on the crew members. Cargo missions can last longer, to save fuel.

Landing module

In early 2014 Mars One began to prepare the landing module, which will go to Mars as part of the first stage of the first private mission. The Mars One landing module base will be the Nasa Phoenix landing module, which made landing on Mars in 2008 and was developed and manufactured by Lockheed Martin. True, the composition of the scientific equipment of the Mars One module will differ significantly from the composition of the Phoenix module equipment, and for the Mars One module will require a greater amount of energy. This will be the reason that the solar batteries of the new module will have a large area and a few other shape than the predecessor module batteries.

Communication is planned to be carried out with satellites located in orbit around the Sun, Mars and Earth. The minimum distance from the ground to Mars is 55 million kilometers, the maximum is 400 million kilometers when Mars is not hidden from the earth. The communication signal speed is equal to the speed of light, the minimum time before the signal arrival is 3 minutes, the maximum - 22. When Mars is hidden from the Earth the Sun, the connection is impossible. Text, audio and video messages will be available. The use of the Internet is limited due to long-term signal delay, but it is assumed to have a server colonists with prejudged data, which they can view at any time and which should be synchronized with the Earth. The life of the colonists will be broadcast on the ground around the clock.

Radiation and irradiation of colonists

The data obtained by equipment on board the transit capsule that delivered Curiosity's rover showed that radioactive irradiation for the permanent settlement mission will be within the established boundaries adopted by space agencies.

Radiation on the way to Mars

In studies published in the journal Science in May 2013, it is estimated that radioactive exposure for 360-day flights there and back is 662 +/- 108 millisyver (MW) - as the measurement by the radioactive examination detector (RAD) (RAD). Studies show that 95% of the radiation adopted by the RAD device falls on the galactic cosmic rays, which are difficult to protect without using a non-dissolutely large shielding mass. In the 210 day journey, Mars One settlers will receive a radiation dose equal to 386 +/- 63 mSv, given the latest measurement data for the standard. The exposure will be lower than the upper boundary of the accepted standards in the career of the cosmonauts: in the European, Russian and Canadian space agencies, the limit is 1000 meters, in NASA - 600-1200 mSv, depending on the floor and age.

Radiation refuge in the Martian transit capsule

On the way to Mars, the team will be protected from solar particles with a spacecraft design. The crew will receive a total shielding protection of 10-15 Gy / cm² for the entire ship throughout the flight. In the case of solar flares Or bursts of solar radiation of this screening will not be enough, and astronauts, having received a signal from onboard dosimetric control and an alarm system, will be survived in a more protected part of the ship. Selected radiation asylum will be surrounded by water tank, which will provide additional protection at the level of 40 Gy / cm². Cosmonauts should expect sunny radiation bursts on average 1 time in 2 months - only about 3 or 4 for all the time of flight, and each of them usually lasts no more than a couple of days.

Radiation on Mars

The Martian surface gets more radiation than the earth, but there is also a radiation is also largely blocked. Radioactive irradiation on the surface is 30 μSv (microsivers) per hour during the period of the solar minimum, during the solar maximum dose of equivalent exposure decreases by a factor of two. (For your understanding: "In Russia, the requirement to ensure compliance with the annual effective dose of 1 mzv during preventive medical x-ray studies, including during the examination." The average dose of irradiation from radiological studies, accumulated per capita per year, is 0.4 msv. , However, in countries with a high level of access to medical care (more than one doctor per 1000 people of the population), this indicator grows up to 1.2 msv.) If the settlers will hold about three hours of 3 days on the surface of Mars outside the residential complex, their own exposure will be 11 mW per year. Mars One Residential Modules will be covered by several soil metersWhat will ensure reliable protection even from galactic cosmic radiation. 5 meters of soil will provide protection, identical to the earth's atmosphere and equivalent shielding of 1000 Gy / cm². With the help of a system of prediction in asylum in residential modules, splashes of solar radiation can be avoided.

Total irradiation

The 210-day flight will lead to irradiation of 386 +/- 63 mSv. On the surface of the colonists will receive a dose of radiation at 11 mW per year - during their open-air activities. This means that the settlers will be able to spend about sixty years on Mars to exceeding the restrictions adopted in ESA in their career cosmonauts.

At this place can pour out tea, then it will be more interesting \u003d)

Estimated picture of the formation of life on Mars

... and the form of Mars after the terravertation:

Objectives of colonization

The objectives of the colonization of Mars are called the following:
- Creating a permanent base for scientific research of Mars itself and its satellites, in the future - to study the belt of asteroids and distant planets of the solar system.
- Industrial mining of valuable minerals.
- Solution of the demographic problems of the Earth.
- "Cradle of mankind" in case of a global cataclysm on Earth.
The main limiting factor is, first of all, the extremely high cost of delivering colonists and goods to Mars.

To solve demographic problems, it will be necessary, firstly, the transfer from the ground of the population across the possibilities of modern technology (at least millions of people), secondly - ensuring complete autonomy of the colony and the possibility of more or less comfortable life on the surface of the planet, for What will require the creation on it suitable for breathing atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and solving problems of protection against cosmic radiation. Now all this can be viewed only as crumbling as the prospect of a remote future.

Suitability for development

Martian day constitute 24 hours 39 minutes 35.244 secondsthat is very close to the earth.
The surface area of \u200b\u200bMars is 28.4% of Earth - a little less than the area of \u200b\u200bsushi on earth (which is 29.2% of the whole earth's surface).
The tilt of the axis of Mars to the plane of the ecliptic is 25.19 °, and the earth is 23,44 °. As a result, on Mars, as on Earth, there is a change in the seasons, although it happens almost twice as long as Martian year 1.88 times longer Earth.
Mars has an atmosphere. Despite the fact that its density is only 0.007 terrestrial, it gives some protection against solar and cosmic radiation, and was also successfully used for aerodynamic braking of the space aircraft.
Recent NASA studies confirmed the presence of water on Mars. Thus, conditions on Mars seem to be sufficient to maintain life.
The parameters of the Martian soil (PH ratio, the presence of chemical elements necessary for plants, and some other characteristics) are close to Earth, and on Martian soil theoretically could be grown by plants.
The chemical composition of minerals common on Mars is more diverse than other celestial bodies near the ground. According to the 4Frontiers corporation, they are enough to supply not only Mars itself, but also the moon, land and asteroid belt.
On Earth there are places in which natural conditions are similar to Martian. At the Equator Mars in the summer months is also warm (+20 ° C), like on earth. Also on Earth there are deserts similar to the form with the Martian landscape.

Differences with Earth

The force of gravity on Mars is about 2.63 times less than on Earth (0.38 g). It is still unknown whether it is enough to avoid health problems arising from weightlessness.
The surface temperature of Mars is much lower than the earth. The maximum mark is +30 ° C (at noon at the equator), the minimum - -123 ° C (in winter on the poles). In this case, the temperature of the near-surface layer of the atmosphere is always below zero.
On the surface of Mars, the water in the liquid aggregate state has not yet been detected.
Due to the fact that Mars is farther from the Sun, the amount of solar energy reaching its surface is approximately twice as smallerthan on earth.
The orbit of Mars has a greater eccentricity, which increases the annual fluctuations in the temperature and the amount of solar energy.
The atmospheric pressure on Mars is too little so that people can survive without a pneumatic resume. Residential premises on Mars will have to equip gateways, like those installed on spacecraft that could maintain earthly atmospheric pressure.
Martian atmosphere consists mainly of carbon dioxide (95%). Therefore, despite its low density, the partial pressure of CO2 on the surface of Mars is 52 times more than on Earth, which may allow to maintain vegetation.
Mars has two natural satellites, phobos and daimos. They are much smaller and closer to the planet than the moon to the ground. These satellites may be useful when checking asteroid colonization tools.
Magnetic field of Mars is weaker than the earth for about 800 times. Together with the rescued (hundreds of times in comparison with the earth), this increases the amount of ionizing radiation achieving its surface.
The detection of the Phoenix apparatus, landed near the North Pole of Mars in 2008, in the soil of Mars Perchlorats question the possibility of growing in the Martian soil of earth plants without additional experiments either without artificial soil.
Radiation background on Mars is 2.2 times higher than the radiation background at the International Space Station and is approaching the established security limits for astronauts.
Water, due to low pressure, boils on Mars at a temperature of +10 ° C. In other words ice from ice, coupled liquid state, immediately turns into steam.

Principal achievability

It should be noted that the "starting window" for flights between the planets opens once every 26 months. Taking into account the flight time, even in the most ideal conditions (the successful location of the planets and the availability of the transport system in a ready state), it is clear that, unlike the near-earth stations or the Martian colony, the Martian colony will not be able to get operational assistance from the Earth or evacuate to Earth in The occurrence of an emergency situation with which it is impossible to cope with their own. Due to the foregoing, simply for survival on Mars Colonia should have a guaranteed sense of autonomy for no less than three terrestrial years. Taking into account the possibility during this term of various abnormal situations, accidents of equipment, natural cataclysms It is clear that to ensure survival of the colony should have a significant reserve of equipment, production facilities in all sectors of its own industry and that at first the most important - power generating capacity, so Like all production, and the entire sphere of life support of the colony will be acutely dependent on the presence of electricity in sufficient quantities.

Habitat conditions

Without protective equipment, a person will not be able to live on the surface of Mars and a few minutes. Nevertheless, compared with the conditions on hot Mercury and Venus, cold external planets and devoid of atmosphere, the moon and asteroids, the conditions on Mars are much more suitable for development. On Earth there are such places explored by a person in which natural conditions are largely similar to Martian. The atmospheric pressure of the Earth at an altitude of 34,68 meters is a record-in-height point that has reached a balloon with a team on board (May 4, 1961) - approximately twice as much as the maximum pressure on the surface of Mars.

The main dangers that lie astronauts during a flight to Mars and stay on the planet, following:
- High level of cosmic radiation.
- Seasonal seasonal and daily fluctuations in temperature.
- Ateorite danger.
- Low atmospheric pressure.
- Piece with a high content of perchlorates and gypsum.
- Having continued complexity of landing on the surface, which includes at least four mandatory steps:

braking by engines before entering the atmosphere
Braking about the atmosphere
Braking engines in the atmosphere
Landing on huge complex airbags or with a unique crane

Possible physiological problems when finding on Mars crew will be the following:
-stress;
-Adaptation to Martian gravity;
-tostatic instability after landing on the planet;
- the activities of the sensory systems;
-nuality of sleep;
-concibility;
- changing metabolism;
- negative effects from exposure to cosmic radiation.

The main tasks for the terravertation of Mars

Increased atmospheric pressure to a level in which water could exist in a liquid form - a necessary condition for creating a globe's biosphere. It also sharply reduce the danger to people, as it will allow to abandon the spacers, replacing them to a high-grade compensation suit and an oxygen apparatus (with the existing pressure on the surface of Mars in case of serious damage to the shell of the Speaker or the depressurization of shelter, a person has almost no chance of salvation).
Increase the temperature in the equatorial part of the planet to + 10 ° - + 20 ° C (with the help of a greenhouse effect created by perfluorocarbon compounds).
Creating an analogue of the ozone layer to protect against ultraviolet radiation.
Creating a biosphere.
Strengthening the magnetic field of the planet.
Creating and maintaining conditions for the work of terraformers.
People selection for the ability to adapt to the terms of Mars.

Controlled collapse on the surface of Mars Comet, asteroid from the main belt (for example, Ceres) or one of the satellites of Jupiter, in order to heat the atmosphere and replenish it with water and gases.

Ceres left at the bottom

The conclusion into the orbit of the satellite of Mars of massive body, an asteroid from the main belt (for example, Vesta) in order to activate the effect of planetary "Dynamo", and the strengthening of its own magnetic field of Mars.

Vesta, diameter 530 km along the long axis,

flies around the sun between Mars and Jupiter in the belt of asteroids

Changing the magnetic field using the laying around the planet rings from the conductor or superconductor with a connection to a powerful energy source.
Explosion on the polar hats of several nuclear bombs. The lack of a method is possible radioactive infection of the selected water.
Placing into the orbit of Mars artificial satellites capable of collecting and focusing sunlight on the surface of the planet for heating it.
The surface colonization by archeubacteries and other extremophils including genetically modified, to highlight the necessary amounts of greenhouse gases or obtain the necessary substances in large volumes of the already available on the planet. In April 2012, the German Center for Aviation and Cosmonautics made a report that in laboratory conditions of simulation of the atmosphere of Mars Simulation Laboratory (Mars Simulation Laboratory), some types of lichens and cyanobacteria after 34 days of stay adapted and showed photosynthesis.
The impact methods associated with the conclusion in orbit or the fall in the asteroid require solid calculations aimed at studying such an impact on the planet, its orbit, the speed of rotation and much more.

It should be noted that almost all of the above-mentioned actions on the terraforming of Mars are currently no more than "mental experiments", since most of them do not rely on any existing in reality and at least minimally proven technologies, and by approximate energy consumption multiple times The possibilities of modern humanity. For example, to create pressure, sufficient at least for growing in the open ground, without sealing, the most unpretentious plants, it is necessary to increase the existing mass of the Martian atmosphere 5-10 times, that is, deliver to Mars or evaporate from its surface of the order of 1017 - 1018 kg . It is not difficult to calculate that, for example, for evaporation of such a quantity of water, approximately 2.25 * 1012th will be required, which is more than 4500 times the entire modern annual energy consumption on Earth.

Communication with Earth

To communicate with potential colonies, radio communication can be used, which has a delay of 3-4 minutes in each direction during the maximum rapprochement of the planets (which is repeated every 780 days) and about 20 minutes. With maximum removal of the planets. The delay of signals from Mars to Earth and the opposite is due to the speed of light. However, the use of electromagnetic waves (including light) does not make it possible to maintain communication with Earth directly (without a relay satellite) when planets are in opposite points of orbits relative to the sun.

Possible places of founding colonies

The best places for the colony are to the equator and lowlands. First of all it is:

Wpadina Ellada - has a depth of 8 km, and at its bottom the pressure is the highest on the planet, so that in this area the smallest level of the background from the cosmic rays on Mars.

you can poke into the picture below \u003d)

- Marierin - not so deep as Wpadina Ellad, but there are the greatest minimum temperatures on the planet, which expands the choice of structural materials.

Marierin Valley, 4500 km long, 210 wide and almost 11 km depth

In the case of terravertation, the first open reservoir will appear in the marine valley.

Colony (forecast)

Estimated view of the future colony on Mars

Although still the design of Martian colonies has not entered the sketches, for reasons of proximity to the equator and high atmospheric pressure, they usually plan to be founded in different places of Marjer Valley. What heights in the future either reached space transport, the laws of conservation of mechanics determine the high price of cargo delivery between the land and Mars, and limit the periods of flights tie them to the planetary confrontation.

High delivery price and 26-month intermetal periods define the requirements:
Guaranteed for a three-year self-sufficiency of the colony (an additional 10 months on the flight and the manufacture of the order). It can only be performed by accumulating to the original arrival of people designs and materials on the territory of the future colony.
Production in the colony of basic structural and consumables from local resources.
This means the need to create cement, brick, concrete, air and water industries, as well as unfolding black metallurgy, metalworking and greenhouses. Food savings will require vegetarianism. The likely lack of coking materials on Mars will require direct reduction of iron oxides with electrolysis hydrogen - and, accordingly, hydrogen production. Martian dust storms can for months to make unsuitable solar energy, which in the absence of natural fuel and oxidizers makes the only reliable, currently, only nuclear power. Large-scale hydrogen production and a larger content of deuterium in the ice of Mars compared with earth will lead to the cheaper time of heavy water, which, when mining uranium on Mars, will make the most effective and cost-effective heavy nuclear reactors.

High scientific or economic productivity of the colony. The similarity of Mars on the ground determines the big value of Mars for Geology, and in the presence of life - for biology. The economic profitability of the colony is possible exclusively when the large rich gold, platinoid deposits or precious stones are found.
The first expedition should still explore convenient caves suitable for sealing and pumping air for the mass population of cities by builders. Mars's enjoyment will begin from under its surface.

The goal of the colony cannot be considered only the economic benefit of shareholders, but also the path to the eternal life of the entire civilization .. and the sooner, humanity will decide on the colonization of space, the earlier the entire universe will be mastered.
Another action from the grotto colonies on Mars will be in the consolidation of earthlings, the rise of global awareness on Earth, planetary synchronization.

The physical image of a person rebirth to the settler is dried from the triple weight loss body, relief of the skeleton and muscle mass. Change gait, movement manner. Danger of weight set. Changing the power mode to eating reduction.
The powers of the colonists can shift to the milky-sour, product from cows on local hydroponic conveyor pastures arranged in mines.

Collected from articles with beloved wiki, illustrations taken from Internet sites.

Again for development - the reading speed of an adult is 120-150 words per minute. In article 4030 words.

As mentioned, there are many interesting similarities between the land and Mars, which make the last viable option for colonization. For the beginning, Mars and Earth have a similar day long. Martian day (SOL) lasts 24 hours and 39 minutes, which means that plants and animals, not to mention the colonists from people, such a daily cycle will have to do so.

Mars also has an axis tilt, which is very similar to earthly, which means practically the same basic changes in the seasons to which we are accustomed to earth. Basically, when one hemisphere is directed to the sun, it is experiencing summer, whereas the winter reigns - only temperatures above and the days longer.

It will be very in hand when it comes to growing cultures and colonists with comfortable conditions and a method for measuring the course of the year. Like farmers on Earth, future Martians will experience the crop growth season and its collection season, as well as be able to conduct annual celebrations on the occasion of changing the seasons of the year.

In addition, as on Earth, Mars is located within the potentially inhabitable zone of our Sun (the so-called Zlatovsky zone), although it is shifted to its outer edge. Venus is also in this zone, but is located closer to the inner edge, which, in combination with its thick atmosphere, made it the most hot planet Solar system. The absence of acid rains also makes Mars more attractive option.

In addition to this, Mars is closer to Earth than other planets of the solar system - except for Venus, but we have already understood that it is not suitable for the first colonists. This will simplify the process of colonization. In fact, every few years, when the Earth and Mars are in opposition - that is, at the minimum distance, the "Startup window" opens, ideal for sending colonists.

For example, on April 8, 2014, Earth and Mars were 92.4 million kilometers from each other. On May 22, 2016, they will be 75.3 million kilometers away, and by July 27, 2018 will reach 57.6 million kilometers. Running at the right time will reduce the flight time from several years to months.

In addition, Mars has pretty water reserves in the shape of ice. Most of it is located in the polar regions, but the study of Martian meteorites has shown that a lot of water can be under the surface of the planet. It can be produced and cleaned in drinking purposes, and quite simple.

In his book, The Case for Mars Robert Zubrin also notes that future colonists could live at the expense of the soil, going to Mars, and ultimately colonized the planets for all one hundred. Instead of carrying all the supplies from the Earth, like residents of the International Space Station, the future colonists could make their own air, water and even fuel, splitting Martian water to oxygen and hydrogen.

Preliminary experiments have shown that Martian soil can be baked in bricks to create protective structures, and this would reduce the amount of materials that need to be sent from the ground. Earth plants can also grow in Martian soil if there is enough light and carbon dioxide. Over time, landland plants in local soil can help create suitable atmosphere.

Problems of colonization of Marsa

Despite the aforementioned benefits, there are several quite serious problems in the colonization of the Red Planet. To begin with, there is a question about the average surface temperature, which is rather non-smarter. Although the temperatures around the equator at noon can reach soft 20 degrees Celsius, at the site of the "Curiositi" landing site - in the crater of Gale, which is close to the equator - the usual night temperatures are lowered to -70 degrees.

Gravity on Mars is about 40% of the earth, to adapt to it will be quite difficult. According to the NASA report, the consequences of the effect of microgravity on the human body are quite deep, the monthly loss of muscle mass reach up to 5%, and the bone density is up to 1%.

On the surface of Mars, these losses will be lower, because there is some gravity. But permanent settlers will face the problems of muscle degeneration and osteoporosis in the long run.

There is also a question of an atmosphere that is unsuitable for breathing. The order of 95% of the planet's atmosphere is carbon dioxide, which means that in addition to the production of air suitable for colonists, they will not be able to go out without squeezing spaces and oxygen cylinders.

Mars also does not have a global magnetic field comparable to the geomagnetic field of the Earth. In combination with a subtle atmosphere, this means that the surfaces of Mars can reach a significant amount of ionizing radiation.

Thanks to the measurements made by the Mars Odyssey spacecraft (MARIE tool), scientists found out that the level of radiation in the orbit of Mars is 2.5 times higher than at the International Space Station. On the surface, this level should be lower, but still remains too high for future settlers.

In one of the latest works submitted by the MIT scientists group analyzing the Mars One plan on the colonization of the planet, which will begin in 2020, it is estimated that the first astronaut returns after 68 days, while the rest will die from hunger, dehydration or burnout in rich Oxygen atmosphere.

In short, the problems of creating a permanent settlement on Mars remain numerous, but quite overcome.

Terraforming Mars

Over time, many or all the difficulties of life on Mars can be overcome by applying geo-engineering (terraforming). Using organisms like cyanobacteria and phytoplankton, the colonists could gradually convert most of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere into oxygen suitable for breathing.

In addition, it is assumed that a significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) is contained in the form of dry ice on the southern pole of Mars, and also absorbed by the regolic (soil). If the temperature on the planet rises, this ice is sublimated in gas and increases atmospheric pressure. Although the atmosphere after that will not be more friendly for light man, it will solve the problem of the need for squeezing costumes.

A possible way to carry out this is to intentionally create a greenhouse effect on the planet. This can be done by importing ammonia ice from the atmospheres of other planets in our solar system. Since ammonia (NH3) is represented mainly by weight by weight, it also put the buffer gas required for the atmosphere suitable for breathing - as here on Earth.

In the same way, it would be possible to cause a greenhouse effect due to the import of hydrocarbons like methane - it is much in the atmosphere of titanium and on its surface. Methane could be released into the atmosphere where it will act as a greenhouse effect component.

Zubrin and Chris McCay, the astrobiologist of the Ames Research Center with NASA, also offered to create plants on the surface of the planet, which would have pumped greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, thereby causing global warming (using the same processes we will port atmosphere of our native land).

There are other possibilities, starting with orbital mirrors, heating the surface, to the intentional bombardment of the surface of comets. Regardless of the method, all existing options for terraforming Mars can make a planet suitable for a person only in the long run.

Another proposal is to create underground dwellings. By building a number of tunnels connecting underground habitats, the colonists could abandon the need to wear oxygen cylinders and squeezing spaces, being away from home.

It would also ensure some protection against radiation. The data obtained by MARS ReckNnaissance Orbiter show that such underground housing already exist, which means they can be used.

Proposed missions

NASA proposes to carry out a piloted mission to Mars - which will be held in the 2030s using the Multipurpose Vehicle "Orion" and the SLS rocket - but this is not the only proposal for sending people to the Red Planet. In addition to other federal space agencies, there are plans for the development of private corporations and non-commercial organizations, some of which are quite ambitious and persecute not only informational purposes.

It has long been plans to send people to Mars, just to build the necessary transport so far and not the beginning. The Russian Federal Space Agency Roscosmos plans a piloted mission for Mar, C and in stock there are tests of the MARS-500 model in 2011, during which the flight conditions of the flight for Mars were simulated during 500 days. However, ESA also participated in this experiment.

In 2012, a group of Dutch entrepreneurs revealed plans for a crowdfunding company to create a Martian base, which will begin in 2023. The Marsone plan provides a series of one-sided missions in order to create a constant and expanding colony on Mars, which will be funded by collecting funds through the media.

Other details of the Marsone Plan include the shipment of the telecommunications orbital apparatus by 2018, the Marshoda by 2020 and the components of the base together with the colonists by 2023. The base will be equipped with 3000 square meters of solar panels, and the equipment will be delivered using the Spacex Falcon 9 Heavy rocket. The first team of four astronauts will have to land on Mars in 2025; After that, a new group will arrive every two years.

On December 2, 2014, Director of Advanced Human Research Systems and NASA Operational Missions, Jason Cruzan and Department of Program Administrator James Reketner, announced preliminary support for the Boeing initiative called Affordable Mars Mission Design (project of an affordable mission mission). The mission planned in the 2030s, the mission includes plans to create radiation protection, artificial gravity using centrifuge, re-support by consumables and apparatus for return.

CEO SPACEX and TESLA Elon Mask also announced plans to create a colony on Mars with a population of 80,000 people. An integral part of this plan is the development of MARS Colonial Transporter (MCR), space flight systems, which will rely on reuse rockets, launch vehicles and space capsules to transport people to Mars and return to Earth.

In 2014, Spacex began developing a large RAPTOR rocket engine for MCT, but MCT will not start work until the middle of the 2020s. In January 2015, Mask said that he was hoped to submit the details of the "completely new architecture" of the Martian transport system at the end of 2015.

The day will come when the generation of terraforming and numerous waves of Colonists Mars will get a viable economy. It is possible that minerals will be mined on the red planet, they can be sent to the ground for sale. The launch of precious metals like platinum will be relatively inexpensive, due to the low strength of gravity on the planet.

However, Mask believes that the most likely scenario (for the foreseeable future) includes the real estate economy. As the population of the Earth will grow, the desire will grow to get out of here away, as well as invest in Mars real estate. And as soon as the transport system is established and worked out, investors will be happy to begin construction on new lands.

Once, the real Martians will be headed on Mars - and this will we.

Transportation: Rotating in the opposite direction of the buckets-drums unload regolith in robotic factory hand

Recycling: To remove water from the regolite, it is heated in the furnace, where hydrogen and oxygen electrolysis occurs

Transmission: After receiving a certain volume of substance, another robotic hand, equipped with a special protective closed system, loads it on a mobile robotic tanker

Delivery: The tanker delivers water, oxygen and methane to the housing of people and unloads them to long-term storage tanks

Use and storage: Astronauts will use water and oxygen for breathing, as well as growing plants; Fuel will be stored as cryogenic liquids for future use

All water that will be extracted from the regolith will be thoroughly clean. The cleaning module will consist of a multi-phase filtering system, as well as several deionizing substrates.

Liquid will be used not only for drinking. It will become the most important component for the production of rocket fuel. When the H2O molecules are clever with electrolysis on hydrogen molecules (H2) and oxygen (O2), and then compression and transformation into a liquid, it will be possible to synthesize fuel and oxidizing agent, which are most often used in liquid rocket engines.

The difficulty lies in the fact that liquid hydrogen should be stored at extremely low temperatures. For this, NASA wants to turn hydrogen to the type of fuel that will be easiest to store: methane (CH4). This substance can be obtained by connecting hydrogen and carbon. Where to get carbon on Mars?

Fortunately, there is a lot of red on the red planet. The Martian atmosphere by 96 percent consists of carbon dioxide molecules. The capture of this carbon is the task of a special freezer. If we talk simple wordsIt will create dry ice from the air.

Having obtained by electrolysis hydrogen and producing carbon gas from the atmosphere, with the help of a chemical process - the reaction of sabati - they can be connected to methane. For this, NASA is developing a special reactor. It will create the necessary pressure and temperature to maintain the reaction of the conversion of hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane and water as a by-product.

The next interesting detail of the processing factory is a mutilic robotic hand for transferring liquids to a mobile tanker tank. Unusual in this system is that it is specially protected from the external environment and in particular dust. Regional dust is very small and can penetrate almost everywhere. Since the regite itself consists of an open volcanic breed, it is very abrasive (cling to everything that is clinging to everything), which can create serious problems for the operation of the equipment. Lunar missions NASA in the past showed how dangerous is the substance. It violated the readings of the electronics, led to the encoding of the mechanisms, and also the cause of failures in thermal controllers. Protection of electrical and liquid transmission channels of a robotic hand, as well as any very sensitive electronics, is for scientists one of the most priority tasks.