Which planet is hotter. The hottest planet in the solar system. Coldest planets in the solar system

From childhood, we learn the elementary truths about the structure of the Universe: all planets are round, there is nothing in space, the sun is burning. Meanwhile, this is all not true. No wonder the new Minister of Education and Science Olga Vasilyeva recently announced that it is necessary to return astronomy lessons to school. Editorial staff Medialeaks fully supports this initiative and invites readers to update their ideas about the planets and stars.

1. The earth is an even ball

The actual shape of the Earth is slightly different from the globe from the store. Many people know that our planet is slightly flattened from the poles. But besides this, different points of the earth's surface are removed from the center of the core at different distances. It's not just the relief, it's just that the Earth is uneven. For clarity, use such a slightly exaggerated illustration.

Closer to the equator, the planet generally has a kind of protrusion. Therefore, for example, the point on the earth's surface farthest from the center of the planet is not Everest (8848 m), but the Chimborazo volcano (6268 m) - its peak is 2.5 km further. On images from space, this is not visible, since the deviation from the ideal ball is no more than 0.5% of the radius, in addition, the atmosphere smoothes out the imperfections in the appearance of our beloved planet. The correct name for the shape of the Earth is geoid.

2. The sun is burning

We used to think that the Sun is a huge ball of fire, so it seems to us that it is burning, there is a flame on its surface. In fact, combustion is a chemical reaction that requires an oxidizer and a fuel, an atmosphere. (By the way, this is why the explosions in open space almost impossible).

The sun is a huge piece of plasma in a state of thermonuclear reaction; it does not burn, but glows, emitting a stream of photons and charged particles. That is, the Sun is not fire, it is a large and very, very warm light.

3. The Earth makes a revolution around its axis in exactly 24 hours

It often seems that some days pass faster, others slower. Strange as it may seem, this is indeed the case. A sunny day, that is, the time it takes for the Sun to return to the same position in the sky, varies within plus or minus about 8 minutes at different times of the year in different points planets. This is due to the fact that the linear velocity of motion and the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation around the Sun constantly change as it moves along an elliptical orbit. The day is either slightly increased or slightly decreased.

In addition to solar days, there are also sidereal days - the time during which the Earth makes one revolution around its axis in relation to distant stars. They are more constant, their duration is 23 hours 56 minutes 04 seconds.

4. Full weightlessness in orbit

It is customary to think that the astronaut is on space station is in a state of complete weightlessness and its weight is zero... Yes, the influence of the Earth's gravity at an altitude of 100-200 km from its surface is less noticeable, but it remains just as powerful: that is why the ISS and people in it remain in orbit, and do not fly away in a straight line into open space.

In simple terms, both the station and the astronauts in it are in endless free fall (only they do not fall down, but forward), and the very rotation of the station around the planet supports the hover. It would be more correct to call it microgravity. A state close to complete weightlessness can only be experienced outside gravitational field Earth.

5. Instant death in space without a spacesuit

Oddly enough, for a man who fell out of the hatch without a spacesuit spaceship, death is not so inevitable. It will not turn into an icicle: yes, the temperature in open space is -270 ° C, but heat exchange in a vacuum is impossible, so the body, on the contrary, will begin to heat up. Internal pressure also not enough to blow up a person from the inside.

The main danger is explosive decompression: the gas bubbles in the blood will begin to expand, but in theory this can be survived. In addition, in space conditions, there is not enough pressure to maintain a liquid state of matter, therefore, water will begin to evaporate very quickly from the mucous membranes of the body (tongue, eyes, lungs). In earth orbit, in direct sunlight, instant burns of unprotected skin areas are inevitable (by the way, the temperature here will be like in a sauna - about 100 ° C). All this is very unpleasant, but not fatal. It is very important to be in space while exhaling (air retention will lead to barotrauma).

As a result, according to NASA scientists, under certain conditions there is a chance that 30-60 seconds of being in outer space will not cause damage to the human body that is incompatible with life. Death in the end will come precisely from suffocation.

6. The asteroid belt is a dangerous place for starships

Science fiction films have taught us that asteroid clusters are heaps of space debris that fly in close proximity to each other. On maps Solar system The asteroid belt also usually looks like a serious obstacle. Yes, in this place there is a very high density of celestial bodies, but only by cosmic standards: half-kilometer blocks fly at a distance of hundreds of thousands of kilometers from each other.

Humanity launched about a dozen probes that went beyond the orbit of Mars and flew to the orbit of Jupiter without the slightest problem. Impenetrable accumulations of cosmic rocks and stones, such as those shown in " Star Wars", Can arise as a result of the collision of two massive celestial bodies. And then - not for long.

7. We see millions of stars

Until recently, the expression "myriad of stars" was nothing more than a rhetorical exaggeration. With the naked eye from the Earth in the clearest weather, you can see at the same time no more than 2-3 thousand celestial bodies. In total in both hemispheres - about 6 thousand. But in photographs of modern telescopes, one can indeed find hundreds of millions, if not billions of stars (no one has counted yet).

The recently acquired image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field captured about 10,000 galaxies, the most distant of which are approximately 13.5 billion light-years away. According to scientists, these ultra-distant star clusters appeared "only" 400-800 million years after the Big Bang.

8. The stars are stationary

It is not the stars that move across the sky, but the Earth revolves - until the 18th century, scientists were sure that, with the exception of planets and comets, most of the celestial bodies remain stationary. However, over time, it was proved that all stars and galaxies, without exception, are in motion. If we went back several tens of millennia ago, we would not recognize the starry sky above our heads (like the moral law, by the way).

Of course, this happens slowly, but individual stars change their position in outer space in such a way that it becomes noticeable after a few years of observations. Bernard's star "flies" the fastest - its speed is 110 km / s. The galaxies are shifting too.

For example, the Andromeda Nebula, visible to the naked eye from Earth, approaches The milky way at a speed of about 140 km / s. In about 5 billion years, we will collide.

9. The moon has a dark side

The moon always faces the Earth with one side, because its rotation around its own axis and around our planet is synchronized. However, this does not mean that the rays of the Sun never fall on the half invisible to us.

On a new moon, when the side facing the Earth is completely in shadow, the other side is fully illuminated. However, on a natural satellite of the Earth, day is replaced by night somewhat slower. A full lunar day lasts approximately two weeks.

10. Mercury is the hottest planet in the solar system

It is quite logical to assume that the planet closest to the Sun is also the hottest in our system. Also not true. The maximum temperature on the surface of Mercury is 427 ° C. This is less than Venus, which recorded 477 ° C. The second planet is almost 50 million km farther from the Sun than the first, but Venus has a dense atmosphere from carbon dioxide, which, due to the greenhouse effect, preserves and accumulates temperature, while Mercury has practically no atmosphere.

There is one more thing. Mercury makes a complete revolution around its axis in 58 Earth days. A two-month night cools the surface down to -173 ° C, that is, the average temperature at the equator of Mercury is about 300 ° C. And at the poles of the planet, which always remain in the shadows, there is even ice.

11. The solar system consists of nine planets

From childhood, we used to think that the solar system has nine planets. Pluto was discovered in 1930, and for more than 70 years it remained a full member of the planetary pantheon. However, after much debate in 2006, Pluto was downgraded to the title of the largest dwarf planet in our system. The fact is that this celestial body does not correspond to one of the three definitions of a planet, according to which such an object should, with its mass, clear the vicinity of its orbit. Pluto's mass is only 7% of the combined weight of all Kuiper belt objects. For example, another planetoid from this area, Eris, is only 40 km smaller than Pluto in diameter, but noticeably heavier. For comparison, the mass of the Earth is 1.7 million times greater than that of all other bodies in the vicinity of its orbit. That is, there are still eight full-fledged planets in the solar system.

12. Exoplanets are like Earth

Almost every month, astronomers delight us with reports that they have discovered another exoplanet on which life could theoretically exist. Imagination immediately draws a green-blue ball somewhere near Proxima Centauri, where it can be dumped when our Earth finally breaks down. In fact, scientists have no idea what exoplanets look like and what conditions are on them. The point is that they are so far away that modern methods we cannot yet calculate their actual size, atmospheric composition and surface temperature.

As a rule, only the estimated distance between such a planet and its star is known. Of the hundreds of exoplanets found that are inside a habitable zone, potentially suitable for supporting Earth-like life, only a few could potentially turn out to be similar to our home planet.

13. Jupiter and Saturn - balls of gas

We all know that largest planets The solar systems are gas giants, but this does not mean at all that once in the gravitational zone of these planets, the body will fall through them until it reaches a solid core.

Jupiter and Saturn are composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Under the clouds, at a depth of several thousand kilometers, a layer begins in which hydrogen, under the influence of monstrous pressure, gradually passes from a gaseous to a state of a liquid boiling metal. The temperature of this substance reaches 6 thousand ° C. Interestingly, Saturn emits into space 2.5 times more energy that the planet receives from the Sun, it is not yet clear why.

14. In the solar system, life can only exist on Earth

If something like terrestrial life existed anywhere else in the solar system, we would notice it ... Right? For example, the first organics appeared on Earth more than 4 billion years ago, but for another hundreds of millions of years no external observer would have seen any clear signs of life, and the first multicellular organisms appeared only after 3 billion years. In fact, in addition to Mars, there are at least two other places in our system where life may well exist: these are the satellites of Saturn - Titan and Enceladus.

Titan has a dense atmosphere, as well as seas, lakes and rivers - though not from water, but from liquid methane. But in 2010, scientists from NASA announced that they had found signs of the possible existence of the simplest forms of life on this moon of Saturn, using methane and hydrogen instead of water and oxygen.

Enceladus is covered with a thick layer of ice, it would seem, what kind of life is there? However, under the surface at a depth of 30-40 km, as planetologists are sure, there is an ocean of liquid water about 10 km thick. The core of Enceladus is hot and there may be hydrothermal vents in this ocean like the terrestrial "black smokers". According to one of the hypotheses, life on Earth appeared precisely due to this phenomenon, so why not the same thing happen on Enceladus. By the way, water in some places breaks through the ice and erupts outward in fountains up to 250 km high. Recent evidence confirms that this water contains organic compounds.

15. Space - empty

There is nothing in interplanetary and interstellar space, many are sure from childhood. In fact, the vacuum of space is not absolute: in microscopic quantities there are atoms and molecules, relic radiation that remained from the Big Bang, and cosmic rays, which contain ionized atomic nuclei and various subatomic particles.

Moreover, scientists have recently suggested that the cosmic void is actually made of matter that we cannot yet fix. Physicists have called this hypothetical phenomenon dark energy and dark matter. Presumably, our Universe is 76% dark energy, 22% dark matter, 3.6% - from interstellar gas. Our usual baryonic matter: stars, planets, and so on - this is only 0.4% of the total mass of the universe.

There is an assumption that it is the increase in the amount of dark energy that makes the universe expand. Sooner or later, this alternative entity, in theory, will tear apart the atoms of our reality into shreds of separate bosons and quarks. However, by that time, neither Olga Vasilyeva, nor the lessons of astronomy, nor mankind, nor the Earth, nor the Sun have existed for several billion years.

Surely many people from school know that eight planets revolve around the celestial body, one of which is the hottest planet in the solar system. And this is not at all Mercury, located near the Sun. The planet Venus is considered the hottest, which is located second from our heavenly body.

What is the temperature on Venus?

Venus is considered the hottest planet in the solar system for its surface temperature, which can range from 460 to 480 degrees. On average, it turns out that the temperature on this planet is 475 degrees (enough to easily melt lead or tin). Moreover, on the closer to the celestial body of Mercury, the average temperature is only 426 degrees. Since there is no atmosphere on the surface of this planet, the temperature regime there can deviate by hundreds of degrees.

Carbon dioxide allows maintaining a more or less average temperature on the surface of Venus. The planet's dense atmosphere allows the surface temperature to be five hundred degrees higher than if such an atmosphere were absent.

How was Venus discovered?

In ancient times, people thought that this planet was two stars that appeared in the morning and in the evening. However, later it became clear that it is one planet revolving around our heavenly body. When the Sun was not yet so bright, Venus was not too hot either. It even had oceans of fluid present. However, the life-giving moisture evaporated, contributing to the appearance of the greenhouse effect. This is now facilitated by solar radiation and carbon dioxide. Venus is currently very overheated due to this effect, and the heating process continues. Today everyone knows that there is no life on the planet, because in the absence of oxygen it is impossible to live.

What does the name of the planet mean?

This planet was named after the ancient Roman goddess of love. Quite curious is the fact that this is the only planet that was named by a female name. Perhaps Venus was named so because it shone much brighter than all the planets known to astronomers at that time. Translated from Latin, the name "Venus" means "Evening Star" or "Lucifer" (Satan in Christianity).

What are the features of the planet?

The planet Venus, the second in position to the Sun, is quite a bit smaller than our planet Earth. Due to the almost identical size, density, mass and composition, these planets are even referred to as twins. However, with these parameters, their similarity ends.

The hottest planet in the solar system is located one hundred and eight million kilometers from the sun. There are no companions around her. A day here lasts about 243 Earth days. For 225 days of the same, the planet makes a revolution around the celestial body. The surface of Venus is hard a large number craters and volcanic landscapes. It rotates in the opposite direction, from which it follows that the rising of the sun occurs in the west, and sets in the east.

The atmosphere of Venus is very heavy and even "hellish". The pressure on it is ninety times the pressure on Earth. The surface of Venus does not have any liquid, but everything is explained by the highest temperature, which causes the process of boil-off and evaporation. Also, the planet has mountain ranges and valleys, which, according to scientists, were formed when hot materials were raised to the surface, which led to surface deformation.

Planet exploration

Since Venus is a hot planet, it may be believed that it is almost impossible to explore. However, scientists managed to obtain information about the planet - they explored Venus over forty spacecraft. Interesting pictures managed to be "obtained" by the Soviet spacecraft, which had the same name as the planet. The Venera13 apparatus was able to stay on the planet for 127 minutes (it was in 1981). With its help, color images of the surface of Venus were made.

All vehicles that were sent to study Venus could stay on the surface for no more than two hours. After this time, the probes were destroyed by the highest temperature. The idea of ​​98 percent of the surface of Venus was obtained in the nineties. But even today, the planet creates considerable interest for scientists who continue to study large objects in the solar system.

Instructions

Venus has a mass similar to Earth and is located only at a distance of 108.2 million km, but its average temperature is 470 ° С, while on Earth it is only 7.2 ° С. The fact is that Venus has a greenhouse effect.

Unlike Earth, this planet has a very dense atmosphere, almost entirely composed of carbon dioxide, because of this, its temperature rises by about 500 ° C. Scientists suggest that a few million years ago, the atmosphere of Venus was not so dense, there were vast oceans on the planet.

The greenhouse effect on Venus gradually drained its oceans, the water turned into steam, which led to the emergence of the greenhouse effect. As the temperature rose, carbon dioxide escaped from the rocks on the planet's surface, so overheating began. It is believed that this process could continue for about two million years.

On Venus, dense clouds of sulfur dioxide, sometimes composed of sulfuric acid, move across the sky. It is believed to be formed from sulfur dioxide, the source of which is the volcanoes of Venus. The sky of the planet has a bright yellow-green color. Surface rocks of Venus are similar in composition to those of the earth.

The surface of the planet resembles a desert with many craters and volcanoes. There are several very large volcanic objects with dimensions exceeding 100 km. The total number of volcanoes is 1600, the outpouring of lava on Venus takes much longer than on Earth.

The planet's surface layer is very thin and weakened high temperature, it provides molten lava with many opportunities to burst outward, so constant tectonic activity continues on Venus.

Venus has no satellites, and its orbit is almost completely circular. In this case, the planet rotates in the direction opposite to its orbital motion. This leads to the fact that the Venusian day lasts 116.8 Earth days, and the day and night are 58.4 times longer than on our planet.

It is easier to see Venus in the sky than any other planet, the dense atmosphere perfectly reflects the sun's rays and makes it bright. Venus is the third brightest object in our sky. Its hallmark is smooth White light... Every 7 months, it becomes the brightest object in the western part of the sky for several weeks, and after another three and a half months after that, Venus begins to rise before the Sun and looks like a bright sparkling star.

Sources:

• The hottest planet in the solar system
• The planets of the solar system. Venus

At present, the "possibilities" of space have not yet been fully explored, so it is difficult to say which of the planets of the Universe is the coldest. However, scientists already know for certain that the coldest temperatures in the solar system are present on Uranus. But what is it like?

Instructions

Uranus is the seventh planet in the distance from the Sun, which was discovered on March 13, 1781 by astronomer William Herschel. He became the first in the so-called Modern times of the celestial bodies found with the help of a telescope, and at the end of the 18th century was also an important step in expanding the concept of the boundaries of the solar system in the eyes of mankind. Previously, astronomers mistook Uranus, seen with the naked eye at certain times of the year, for a dim star. The basis of this planet is a combination of hydrogen and helium. A large amount of ice on the surface and in the depths of Uranus also became the reason for its reckoning among the so-called "ice giants".

The distance separating Uranus from the Sun is 2,870.4 million kilometers, and the lowest temperature recorded on the planet's surface is minus 224 degrees Celsius. At the same time, the average indicator is - 208-212 degrees Celsius.

It is logical that the temperature of Uranus is due to its distance from the Sun, which is why Uranus receives much less than Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, the amount solar energy... But behind the seventh planet is even more distant Neptune. So why isn't it colder? The thing is that the rest of the bodies of the solar system have less incandescent cores, and the temperature of the center of Uranus is only 4,737 degrees Celsius, which, for example, is five times less than that of Jupiter. With Neptune, the situation is very similar: it is also quite cold, but with a maximum mark of minus 218 degrees Celsius at a core temperature of 7,000 degrees.

The science

We all know from childhood that in the center of our solar system is the Sun, around which the four nearest planets revolve. terrestrial group including Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars... They are followed by four gas giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

After Pluto ceased to be considered a planet of the solar system in 2006, and passed into the category of dwarf planets, the number of major planets was reduced to 8.

Although the general structure is known to many, there are many myths and misconceptions regarding the solar system.

Here are 10 facts you may not have known about the solar system.

1. The hottest planet is not closest to the Sun

Many people know that Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun, whose distance is almost half the distance from the Earth to the Sun. Unsurprisingly, many people believe that Mercury is the hottest planet.

Actually the hottest planet in the solar system is Venus- the second planet close to the Sun, where the average temperature reaches 475 degrees Celsius. This is enough to melt tin and lead. At the same time, the maximum temperature on Mercury is about 426 degrees Celsius.

But due to the lack of atmosphere, the temperature of Mercury's surface can vary by hundreds of degrees, while carbon dioxide on the surface of Venus maintains an almost constant temperature at any time of the day or night.

2. The boundary of the solar system a thousand times farther from Pluto

We used to think that the solar system extends to the orbit of Pluto. Today Pluto is not even considered the main planet, but this idea has remained in the minds of many people.

Scientists have discovered many objects orbiting the Sun, which are located much further than Pluto. These are the so-called trans-Neptunian or Kuiper belt objects... The Kuiper Belt extends 50-60 AU (AU or the mean distance from the Earth to the Sun is 149,597,870,700 m).

3. Almost everything on planet Earth is a rare element

The earth is mainly composed of iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, sulfur, nickel, calcium, sodium and aluminum.

While all of these elements have been found in different places throughout the universe, they are only traces of elements that overshadow the abundance of hydrogen and helium. Thus, the Earth is mostly composed of rare elements. This does not indicate any special place on planet Earth, since the cloud from which the Earth was formed contained large amounts of hydrogen and helium. But since these are light gases, they were carried away into space by the heat of the sun as the Earth formed.

4. The solar system has lost at least two planets

Pluto was originally considered a planet, but due to its very small size (much smaller than our Moon) it was renamed to dwarf planet... Astronomers also once believed that there was a planet Volcano, which is closer to the Sun than Mercury. They started talking about its possible existence 150 years ago to explain some of the features of the orbit of Mercury. However, later observations ruled out the possibility of the existence of the Volcano.

In addition, recent studies have shown that it is possible that someday there was a fifth giant planet, similar to Jupiter, which orbited the Sun but was thrown out of the Solar System due to gravitational interactions with other planets.

5. Jupiter has the largest ocean of all planets

Jupiter, which orbits in cold space five times farther from the Sun than planet Earth, was able to hold much higher levels of hydrogen and helium during formation than our planet.

You could even say that Jupiter is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium... Given the planet's mass and chemical composition, as well as the laws of physics, under cold clouds, an increase in pressure should lead to the transition of hydrogen into liquid state... That is, Jupiter should have deepest ocean of liquid hydrogen.

According to computer models on this planet, not only is the largest ocean in the solar system, its depth is about 40,000 km, that is, it is equal to the circumference of the Earth.

6. Even the smallest bodies in the solar system have satellites

It was once believed that only such large objects as planets can have natural satellites or moons. The fact of the existence of satellites is sometimes even used to determine what the planet really is. It seems counterintuitive that small cosmic bodies can have enough gravity to hold a satellite. After all, Mercury and Venus don't have them, and Mars only have two tiny moons.

But in 1993, the interplanetary station Galileo discovered the satellite Dactyl, just 1.6 km wide, near the asteroid Ida. Have since been found satellites orbiting about 200 other small planets, which greatly complicated the definition of "planet".

7. We live inside the Sun

We usually think of the Sun as a huge hot ball of light located 149.6 million km from Earth. Actually the outer atmosphere of the sun extends much further than the visible surface.

Our planet orbits within its tenuous atmosphere, and we can see this when gusts of solar wind cause the appearance of the aurora. In this sense, we live inside the Sun. But the solar atmosphere doesn't end on Earth. The aurora can be seen on Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and even distant Neptune. The farthest region of the solar atmosphere is the heliosphere extends for at least 100 astronomical units. It is about 16 billion kilometers. But since the atmosphere has the shape of a drop due to the motion of the Sun in space, its tail can reach from ten to hundreds of billions of kilometers.

8. Saturn is not the only planet with rings

While Saturn's rings are by far the most beautiful and easy to observe, Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune also have rings... While Saturn's bright rings are composed of icy particles, Jupiter's very dark rings are mostly dust particles. They may contain minor fragments of decayed meteorites and asteroids, and possibly particles from the volcanic moon Io.

Uranus's ring system is slightly more visible than that of Jupiter, and may have formed after the collision of small satellites. Neptune's rings are faint and dark, just like Jupiter's. Faint rings of Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune cannot be seen through small telescopes from Earth therefore Saturn became best known for its rings.

Contrary to popular belief, there is a body in the solar system with an atmosphere essentially similar to that of the earth. This is the moon of Saturn - Titan... It is larger than our Moon and is close in size to the planet Mercury. Unlike the atmospheres of Venus and Mars, which are much thicker and thinner, respectively, than Earth's, and are composed of carbon dioxide, Titan's atmosphere is mostly nitrogen.

The Earth's atmosphere is approximately 78 percent nitrogen. The similarity with the Earth's atmosphere, and especially the presence of methane and other organic molecules, led scientists to believe that Titan can be considered an analogue of the early Earth, or there is some kind of biological activity. For this reason, Titan is considered the best place in the solar system to look for signs of life.

a>> The hottest planet in the solar system

The hottest planet in the solar system- Venus. Interesting Facts about the planet, its temperature, a description of the surface with a photo and why Mercury heats up less.

The Earth ranks third in proximity to the Sun. We are lucky to have an atmosphere and favorable climatic conditions. Of course, in some parts it is quite hot, but there are planets that have to endure a hellish environment. What is the hottest planet in the solar system?

What is the hottest planet in the solar system?

It immediately seems that it is Mercury. After all, the planet follows an orbital path with an average distance of 58 million km from the Sun and is considered the first planet in the solar system. But its route is so unusual, and the axial turnover is slow, that the surface warms up to 426 ° C or freezes to -173 ° C.

Yes, it can be hot here, but Venus will easily snatch victory.

Venus is in second place in terms of distance from the Sun, and is located at a distance of 108 million km. But its average temperature is 462 ° C. This is enough for the lead to start the melting process. But the difference from Mercury is that here at any point every day and night a single temperature indicator is saved.

How does she do it? It's all about the atmosphere. On Mercury, it's just a thin layer. But on Venus, it consists of a dense ball of CO 2, which creates a kind of heat trap.

Let's take a look at the Earth. When you are at sea level, the pressure is heavy. But on Venus, it would have increased 92 times! The radiation is absorbed by the planet and forms the greenhouse effect.

It seems that in such conditions it is impossible to conduct reconnaissance. But the USSR succeeded. The Soviets dispatched several Venera ships, parachuted down to the surface. Of course, the first attempts were unsuccessful and the devices immediately failed.

The 13th attempt succeeded and the mechanism stayed on the surface for a full 127 minutes, sending color images of the environment.

So the most hellish conditions are set precisely on Venus and it is considered the hottest planet in the solar system. Not only is the position important, but also a warm blanket of carbon dioxide that does not release heat.